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PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY -- VOLUME 3

INDEX

VOL. III.

ABERDEENSHIRE, passage from trap into
granite in, 361
Abesse, near Dax, section of inland cliff at,
-- see wood-cut No. 53, 210
Acquapendente, alternations of volcanic
tuffs with the Subapennine marls at,
159
Adanson on the age of the baobab tree, 99
Addington hills, 279
Aderno, opposite dip of the strata in two
sections near, 78
Adour, section of tertiary strata in the valley
of the -- see diag, No. 51, 207
Adur, view of the transverse valley of the
river -- see wood-cut No. 73, 299
Agassiz, M., on fossil fish of the brown
coal formation, 200
-- on the fossil fish of the Paris basin,
253
-- on the distinctness of the secondary
and tertiary fossil fish, 327
Age of volcanos, mode of computing the, 97
Ages, relative, of rocks how determined, 35
Aidat, Lake, how formed, 269
Aix, in Provence, tertiary strata of, 276
-- fossil insects abundant in the calcareous
marl of, 277
Albenga, height of the tertiary strata above
the sea at, 165, 166
-- resemblance of the strata at, to
the Subapennines, 167
Allan, Mr. T., his discovery of the bones
of mammalia in the fresh-water strata of
the Isle of Wight, 281
Allier, river, section of volcanic tuff and
fresh-water limestone on the banks of
the, 258
Alluvium, passage of marine crag strata
into, 181
-- ancient, of the valley of the Rhine,
200
-- of the Weald valley, 295
Alluviums formed in all ages, 145
-- of the newer Pliocene period, 139,
145, 151
-- distinction between regular subaqueous
strata and, 145
-- marine, 145
-- British, how formed, 147
-- European, in great part tertiary, 150
Alluviums, underlying lavas of Catalonia,
188, 189, 190, 192
-- of the Miocene era, localities of,
217
-- trachytic breccias alternating with,
in Auvergne -- see wood-cut No. 54, 217
-- of Auvergne, extinct quadrupeds in,
218
-- of different ages covered by lava in
Auvergne -- see wood-cut No. 61, 266
-- of the Eocene period, 317
Alps, shells drifted into the Mediterranean
from the, 48
-- erratic blocks of the, 148
-- Maritime, tertiary strata at the base
of the, 164
-- secondary strata penetrated by granite
in the, 358
-- strata of oolite altered in the, 371
Altered strata in contact with granite, 370,
371
-- strata, enumeration of the probable
conversions of sedimentary strata
into well-known metamorphic rocks, 373
Alternations of strata with and without
organic remains, how caused, 254
Alum Bay, alternation of the London and
plastic clay in, 278
Amer, geological structure of the country
near, 185
Anapo, valley of the, 111
Andernach, gorge of, 152
--- loess and volcanic ejections
alternating at, 153
Andes, sudden rise of the, said to have
caused the historical deluge, 148
Angers, fossil shells found at -- see tables
Appendix I.
Anglesea, changes caused by a volcanic
dike in, 368
Animals, their fossilization partial, 31
-- remains of, in the successive tertiary
periods, 59
Anoplotherium found in the fresh-water
formation of the Isle of Wight, 281, 317
Anthracite, whence derived, 373
Anticlinal axis of the Weald valley -- see
wood-cuts Nos. 63 and 64, 288
Anticlinal and synclinal lines described -- see
wood-cut No. 68, 293
Anticlinal lines, how far those formed at
the same time are parallel, 349
Antilles, recent shells imbedded in limestone
in the, 133
Antrim, chalk in, converted into marble by
trap-dike, 369
--- altered coal and lias in, 369
Apennines, tertiary strata at the foot of the,
155
Apollinaris does not mention the volcanos
in his description of Auvergne, 269
Areas of sedimentary deposition, shifting
of the, 26
Argillaceous strata, change caused by a
dike of lava in, 70
Arno, river, yellow sand like the Subapennines
deposited by the, 161
Arun, transverse valley of the, 298, 299
Asia, western, great cavity in, 29, 270
Astroni, crater of, 187
Atlantis of Plato, 330
Atrio del Cavallo, dikes in the, 124
Aurillac, fresh-water formation of, 236
-- silex abundant in the fresh-water
strata of, 237
-- resemblance of the fresh-water
lime-stone and flints to the chalk, 237
-- proofs of the gradual deposition of
the fresh-water marls of, 239
Australian breccias, bones of marsupial
animals in, 143
Auvergne, appearance of some of the lavas
of, 94
-- position of the Miocene alluviums of
-- see wood-cut No. 54, 217
-- extinct quadrupeds in the alluviums
of, 218
-- age of the volcanic rocks of, 224
-- lacustrine deposits of, 226
-- map of the lacustrine basins and
volcanic rocks of -- see wood-cut No.
56, 226
-- tertiary red marl and sandstone of,
like new red sandstone, 229, 333
-- indusial limestone of, 232
-- dip of the tertiary strata of, 233, 235
-- arrangement and origin of the freshwater
formation of, 233
-- analogy of the tertiary deposits of,
to those of the Paris basin, 241
-- geographical connexion of the Paris
basin and, 241
-- probably once connected with the
Paris basin by a chain of lakes, 241
--volcanic rocks of, 257
-- igneous rocks associated with the
lacustrine strata of, 258
-- volcanic breccias of, how formed, 259
-- minor volcanos of, 260, 263
-- long succession of eruptions in, 260
-- ravines excavated through lava in,
264
Auvergne, lavas resting on alluviums of different
ages in -- see wood-cut No. 61, 266
-- age of the volcanos of, 268, 269
Aventine, Mount, a deposit of calcareous
tufa on, 138

Bagneux, alternation of plastic clay and
calcaire grossier at, 244
Bagshot sand, its composition, &c., 280
Banos del Pujio, elevated sea-cliff near,
131
Baobab tree, its size, probable age, &c.,
99, 272
Baraque, la Petite, section of vertical
marls in a ravine near-see wood-cut
No. 57, 231
Barcelona, height of the marine tertiary
strata of, 193
Barcombe, section from the north escarpment
of the South Downs to-see woodcut
No. 71, 296
Barzone, gypsum found in the Subapennine
marls near, 159
Basalt, theory of the aqueous origin of, 4
Basalts of the Bay of Trezza, Paterno, &c.,
their relative age, 82
Basterot, M. de, on the fossil shells of
Bordeaux and Dax, 20, 206
Battoch, Mount, granite veins of, 357
Bay of Trezza, sub-Etnean formations exposed
in the, 78
-- proofs of ancient submarine eruptions
in the, 78
Bayonne, age of the tertiary strata near,
343
-- age of the newest secondary strata
near, 343
Bawdesey, inclination of the crag strata
near, 174
Beauchamp, remains of a palaeotherium and
fresh-water shells in calcaire grossier
at, 252
Beachy Head, termination of the chalk
escarpment at, 291
-- thickness of the upper green-sand
at, 292
Beginning of things, supposed proofs of,
383
Belbet, section of white limestone in the
quarry of, 237
Belgium, tertiary formations of, 276
-- fossil shells from-see table, Appendix
I.
Beliemi, Mount, caves in, 143
Beudant, M., on the volcanic rocks of
Hungary, 222
Bingen, gorge of, 152
Binstead, mammiferous remains found in
the quarries of, 281, 317
Blaye, limestone of, 208
-- its position-see wood-cut No. 52,
209
Blue marl with shells of the Val di Noto,
67
Boblaye, M., on the successive elevations
of the Morea, 113, 132 .
-- on the formation of osseous breccias
in the Morea, 144
-- on the tertiary strata of the Morea,
170
Bolos, Don Francisco, on the volcanos of
Olot, in Catalonia, 187, 191, 193
-- on the destruction of Olot by earth.
quake, in 1421, 191
Bonelli, Signor, on the fossil shells of
Savona, 166
-- on the fossil shells of the Superga,
211
Bonn, blocks of quartz containing casts of
fresh-water shells found near, 199
-- remains of frogs from the brown coal
formation in the museum at, 200
Bordeaux, tertiary strata of, 20, 206
-- Eocene strata in the basin of, 208
-- fossil shells of -- see table, Appendix
I.
Bormida, tertiary strata of the valley of
the, 211
Bosque de Tosca, a mound of lava near
Olot, 186
Botley Hill, height of, 288
Boue, M., on the loess of the valley of the
Rhine, 151
-- on the value of zoological characters
in determining the chronological
relations of strata, 208
-- term molasse vaguely employed by,
212
-- on the tertiary formations of Hungary
and Transylvania, 213
-- on the fossil shells of Hungary,
223
-- on the volcanic rocks of Transylvania,
223
-- his objections to the theory of M.
Elie de Beaumont, 346, 347
Bouillet, M., on the extinct quadrupeds of
Mont Perrier, 218
-- on alluviums of different ages in
Auvergne, 267
Boulade, position of the alluviums of the
-- see wood-cut No. 54, 217
Boulon and Ceret, dip of the tertiary
strata between, 170
Bourbon, Isle of, a volcanic eruption every
two years in the, 363
Bowdich, Mr., fossil shells of recent species
brought from Madeira by, 134
Braganza river, brown clay deposited by
the, 161
Breaks in the series of superimposed for.
mations, causes of, 26, 33
Breccias in the Val del Bove, 93
-- osseous, in Sicilian caves, 139
Breccias, in Australian caves, 143
-- now in progress in the Morea,
144
-- trachytic, alternations of alluvium
and-see wood-cut No. 54, 217
-- volcanic, of Auvergne, 259
Brighton, deposit containing recent shells
in the cliffs near, 182
British alluviums, how formed, 147
-- their age, 147, 272
Brocchi on the tertiary strata of the
Subapennines, 18, 155
-- on the number of shells common to
Italy and the Paris basin, 156
-- on the age of the Italian tertiary
strata, 156
-- on the organic remains of the sub-Apennine
strata, 163
Bromley, pebble with oysters attached to
it found in the plastic clay at, 278
Brongniart, M. Alex., on the formations of
the Paris basin, 16
-- on the conglomerate of the hill of
the Superga, 211
-- tabular view of his arrangement of
the strata of the Paris basin-see woodcut
No. 58, 243, 247
Bronn, M., on the loess of the Rhine, 151,
153, 154
Brown coal formation near the valley of
the Rhine, 199
-- organic remains of the, 200
Bruel, quarry of, 237
Buckland, Dr., on the Val del Bove, 83
-- on the grooved summits of the Corstorphine
Hills, 147
-- on the effects of the Deluge, 271
-- on the Plastic clay, 278
-- on tertiary outliers on chalk hills,
283
-- on the former continuity of the Lon.
don and Hampshire basins, 283
-- on valleys of elevation, 305, 307,
308
Budoshagy, rent exhaling sulphureous vapours
in the mountain of, 223
Bufadors, jets of air from subterranean
caverns called, 190
Bulimus montanus drifted from the Alps
into the Mediterranean, 48
Buried cones on Etna, sections of, 88
Burton, Mr. J., his discovery of tertiary
strata on the western borders of the
Red Sea, 135

Cadibona, section of the fresh-water formations
of -- see wood-cut No. 55, 221
-- lignites of, remains of an anthracotherium
found in, 222
Caernarvonshire, tertiary strata of, 135
Caesar, volcanos of Auvergne not men
tioned by, 269
Cairo, green Band containing shells at, 211
Calabria, recent tertiary strata of, 22
-- effects of the earthquake of 1783,
142, 319
Calais, ripple marks formed by the winds
on the dunes near-see wood-cut No.
36, 176
Calanna, lava of Etna turned from its
course by the hill of-see wood-cut No.
18, 86
-- description of the valley of, 85, 91
Calcaire grossier, alternation of the Plastic
clay and, 244
-- number of fossil shells of the, 245
-- abundance of cerithia in the, 245
-- alternates with fresh-water limestone
at Triel, 246
-- manner in which it was deposited,
246
-- in part destroyed when the upper
marine strata were formed, 248
-- abundance of microscopic shells in
the, 250
-- Palaeotherium and fresh-water shells
in, 252
Calcaire siliceux of the Paris basin, 246
-- alternates with calcaire grossier at
Triel, 246
-- how formed, 246
Calcareous grit and peperino, sections of
-- see diagrams Nos. 9 and 10, 72
Caltagirone, blue shelly marl of, 66, 67
-- fossil shells from-see list, Appendix
11, 55
Caltanisetta, dip of the tertiary strata at,
74
-- list of fossil shells from, -Appendix
II., 54
Cambridgeshire, great line of chalk escarpment
from, to Dorsetshire, 315
Campagna di Roma, age of the volcanic
rocks of the, 183
Campania, tertiary formation of, 118
-- comparison of recorded changes in,
with those commemorated by geological
monuments, 118
-- age of the volcanic and associated
rocks of, 126
-- external configuration of the country
how caused, 127
-- affords no signs of diluvial waves,
128
Canadian lakes, changes which would take
place in the Gulf of St. Lawrence if
they were filled up, 28
Cantal, fresh-water formations of, 236
-- fresh-water limestone and flints resembling
chalk in the, 237
-- proofs of the gradual deposition of
marl in the, 239
Cape Wrath, granite veins of-see woodcuts
Nos. 85 and 86, 354
Capitol, hill of the, a deposit of calcareous
tufa found on the, 138
Capo Santa Croce, shelly limestone resting
on lava at, 68
Capra, flowing of the lavas of 1811 and
1819 round the rock of -- see wood-cut
No. 21, 92
-- traversed by dikes, 92
Carboniferous series, 326
Carcare, tertiary strata of -- see wood-cut
No. 55, 207, 222
-- fossil shells of, 211
Cardona, rock salt of, its relative age, 333
Casamicciol, shells found in stratified tuff
at, 126
Caspian Sea, level of the, 29, 271
Castell de Stolles, ravine excavated in lava
opposite the, 189
Castell Follitt, extent of the lava stream of
-- see map, wood-cut No. 43, 184
-- section of lava cut through by river
at -- see wood-cut No. 46, 189, 190
Castello d'Aci, 81
Castrogiovanni, section of the Val di Noto
series at -- see diagram No.5, 64
-- hill of, its height, 66
-- capped by the Val di Noto limestone,
66
-- fossil fish found in gypseous marls
at, 67
-- list of fossil shells from Appendix
II., 55
Castelgomberto, fossil shells of-see Table,
Appendix J.
Catalonia, volcanic district of, 183
-- extent of the volcanic region of-see
map, wood-cut No. 43, 184
-- volcanic cones and lavas of -- Clee
Frontispiece), 185
-- ravines, excavated through lava in,
188, 189
-- age of the volcanos of, 191
-- superposition of rocks in the volcanic
district of-see wood-cut No. 47,
192
Catania, volcanic conglomerates forming
on the beach at, 73
-- plain of, 75, 76
-- marine formation near, 78
Catastrophes, remarks on theories respecting,
6, 33
Catcliff, Little, section of part of, showing
the inclination of the layers in opposite
directions -- see wood-cut No. 33, 175
Cavalaccio, Monte, shells procured from
the tuffs of, 79
Caves in Sicily, osseous breccias found in,
139
-- perforated in the interior by lithodomi,
140, 141
-- Australian, bones of marsupial animals
in, 143
Cavo delle Neve, hollow in Ischia called
the, 127
-- ancient sea-beach seen near, 127
Celient, lava current of -- see map, woodcut,
No 43, 184
-- section above the bridge of, -- see
wood-cut No. 45, 188
Central France, volcanic rocks of, 224,
257
-- fresh-water, formations of, 225
-- analogy of the tertiary deposits
of, to those of the Paris basin, 241,
247
-- valleys of, how formed, 319
Cer, valley of the, sections of foliated
marls in the, 239
Ceret and Boulon, dip of the tertiary strata
between, 170
Cerithia, abundance of in the calcaire gros.
sier, 245
Chabriol, M., on the fossil mammalia of
Mont Perrier, 218
Chadrat, pisolitic limestone of, 232
Chalk, protruded masses of in the crag
strata -- see wood-cuts Nos. 41 and 42,
179, 180
--English tertiary strata, conformable
to the, 282
-- deep indentations filled with sand,
&c., on its surface, 282
-- tertiary outliers on, 283
-- fissure in the, filled with sand near
Lewes, 283
-- and upper green sand of the Weald
valley, 286
-- escarpments of the Weald valley,
once sea -- cliffs-see wood-cuts Nos. 65
and 66, 289, 290, 291
-- why no ruins of, on the central district
of the Weald, 295
-- of the North and South Downs, its
former continuity, 303
-- the alternative of the hypothesis
that it was once continuous considered,
304
-- valleys and furrows in the, how
caused, 311
-- cliffs, rapid waste of on Sussex
coast, 311
-- greatest elevation attained by it in
England, 314
-- great line of escarpment formed by
the, through the central parts of England,
315
-- nearly all the land in Europe has
emerged since the deposition of the,
330
-- has been elevated at successive periods,
331
-- converted into marble by trap dike
in Antrim, 369
Chalk-flints, analysis of, 238
Chamalieres, near Clermont, section at,
228
Chambon, lake of, formed by the lava of
the Puy de Tartaret, 264
Chamouni, glaciers of, 150
Champheix, tertiary red marls of, 229
Champoleon in the Alps, strata altered
near, 371
Champradelle, section of vertical marls at,
-- see wood-cut No. 57, 231
Chili, Newer Pliocene marine strata at
great heights in, 130
Christie, Dr. T., his account of the Cave
of San Ciro, 140
-- on caverns in Mount Beliemi, Sicily,
143
Cirque of Gavarnie, in the Pyrenees, 88
Cisterna on Etna, formed by a subsidence
in 1792, 96, 129
Classification of tertiary formations in chronological
order, 45
Clay-slate, lamination of, in the Pyrenees
-- see wood-cut No. 89, 366
-- may be altered into shale, 373
-- convertible into hornblende schist,
373
Clermont, section of littoral deposits near,
228
-- section of vertical marls near-see
wood-cut No. 57, 231
-- alternations of volcanic tuff and
fresh-water limestone near, 258
Clift, Mr., on the bones of animals from
Australian caves, 144
Climate, effects of changes of, on species,
44
Coal reduced to cinder by trap dike, 370
Colle, fresh-water formation of, 137
-- fossil shells of living species in the,
138
Comb Hurst, hills of, 279
Come, lava current of, 186
Conception Bay, fossil shells of recent species
found at great heights in, 130.
Conglomerate, tertiary, of Nice, 167
-- now formed by the rivers near Nice,
168, 169
-- time required for the formation of
great beds of, 170
Conglomerates, volcanic, of the Val di Noto,
73
-- now forming on the shores of Catania
and Ischia, 73
Contemporaneous origin of Rocks, how
determined, 37
Contemporaneous, remarks en the term, 52
Continents, position of former, 328, 330
Contortions in the Newer Pliocene strata
in the Isle of Cyclops-see wood-cut
No. 15, 80
Conybeare, Rev. W. D., on the English
crag, 19
Conybeare, Rev. W. D., on the thickness
of the London clay, 279
-- on the organic remains of the London
clay, 280
-- on indentations in the chalk near Rochester,
282
-- on the transverse valleys of the North
and South Downs, 298
-- on the former continuity of the chalk
of the North and South Downs, 303
-- his objection to the theory of M. E.
de Beaumont, 348
Coomb, view of the ravine called the, near
Lewes -- see wood-cut No. 75, 301
Coquimbo, parallel roads of, 131
Corals standing erect among igneous and
aqueous formations at Galieri, 73
Cornwall, granite veins of-- see wood-cut
No. 87, 355, 370
-- argillaceous schist, containing organic
remains in, 376
Costa de Pujou, structure of the hill of -- see
frontispiece, 186
Corstorphine hills, parallel grooves on
their summits, how formed, 147
Cotentin, tertiary formation of the, 276
Coudes, tertiary red marl and sand-stone of,
like 'new red sand-stone, ' 229
Couze, river, lake formed by the filling up
of its ancient bed by lava, 264
Crag of England, organic remains of the, 19
-- its relative age, 17l
-- number of shells found in the, 171
-- its mineral composition, 17l
-- relative position of the -- see diag.
No. 30, 172
-- lacustrine deposits resting on the, 173
-- forms of stratification of the-see
wood-cuts 173, 174, 175
-- dip of the strata of the, 174, 175
-- comparison between the Faluns of
Touraine and the, 203
-- derangement in the strata of these
wood-cuts, 177
-- passage of, into alluvium, 181
-- its resemblance to formations now in
progress, 177, 182
-- proportion of living species in the fossil
shells of the-see Appendix I., p. 47
-- number common to Italy and the, ib.
47
-- number common to Sicily and the, ib.
47
-- number common to Italy, Sicily, and
the, ib. 47
-- geographical distribution of the living
species found in the, ib. 47, 51
Craters, volcanic, of the Eifel, how formed,
196
Creta, argillaceous deposit called, 67, 76
-- resting on columnar lava in the Isle
of Cyclops-see wood-cut No. 14, 79
Crocodile of the Ganges found in both salt
and fresh water, 330
Croizet, M., on extinct quadrupeds of
Mount Perrier, 218
-- on alluviums of different ages in
Auvergne, 267
Cromer, bent strata of loam in the cliffs
near -- see wood-cut No. 37, 178
Crowborough hill, height of, 288
-- thickness of strata removed from
the summit of, 313
Cruckshanks, Mr. A., on distinct lines of
ancient sea-cliffs on the coast of Peru,
130
Cuckmere, transverse valley of the, 298, 299
Curtis, Mr. J., on the fossil insects of Aix,
in Provence, 277
Cussac, bones of extinct quadrupeds in
alluvium under lava at, 219
Cutch, changes caused by the earthquake
of 1819 in, 104, 249, 318
Cuvier, M., on the mammiferous remains
of the Upper Val d'Arno, 221
-- on the tertiary strata of the Paris
basin, 16, 247, 243
--- on the fossil organic remains of
the Paris basin, 253
Cyclops, view of the island of, in the Bay
of Trezza -- see wood-cut No. 14, 79
-- its height, &c., 79
-- stratified marl resting on columnar
lava in the-see wood-cut No. 14, 79
Cypris, abundance of the remains of, in
the fresh-water strata of Auvergne, 230
-- habits of the living species of, 230

Darent, transverse valley of the, 298, 299
Daubeny, Dr., on the Val di Noto limestone,
66
-- on the volcanic region of Olot, in
Catalonia, 184
-- on the volcanic district of the Lower
Rhine and Eifel, 201
-- on the age of the Auvergne volcanos,
269
D'Aubuisson, on the appearance of some
of the Auvergne lavas, 94
Daun, lake-craters of the Eifel seen near,
195
Dax, tertiary formations of, 20, 206
-- section of tertiary strata overlying
the chalk near, -- see diag. No. 51, 207
--section of inland cliff near-see woodcut
No. 53, 210
-- fossil shells of-see tables Appendix I.
De Beaumont, M. Elie, on the cause of the
historical deluge, 148, 272
-- his theory of the contemporanous
origin of parallel mountain chains con
sidered, 337
-- his proofs that different chains were
raised at different epochs, 340
De Beaumont, M. Elie, objections to the
theory of, 341
-- on modern granite of the Alps, 358
De Candolle on the longevity of trees, 99
De la Beche, Mr., on M. Elie de Beaumont's
theory, 347
Delta, of the Niger, size of the, 329
-- of the Nile, preyed on by currents, 28
-- of Rhone, in lake of Geneva, 27
De Luc, on the deluge, 271
Deluge, on the changes caused by the, 270
-- M. Elie Beaumont, on the cause
of the historical, 148
Denudation, effects of, 30, 32
-- of the Valley of the Weald, 285
Deposition, sedimentary, shifting of the
areas of, 26
Descartes, 97
Deshayes, M., his comparison of the fossil
shells of Touraine, S. E. of France,
Piedmont and Vienna, 21
-- his tables of fossil shells, 49-see
Appendix I.
-- on the shells of the Val di Noto,
series, 65, 67
-- on shells of the sub-Etnean beds, 79
-- on the fossil shells of Ischia, 126
-- on the fossil shells of the Antilles,
133
-- on the fresh-water shells of Colle,
138
-- on the fossil shells of the Crag, 171
-- on the limestone of Blaye, 208
-- on the fossil shells of Volhynia and
Podolia, 215
-- on the fossil shells of Hungary, 223
-- on the abundance of Cerithia in the
Paris basin, 245
-- on the changes which the Cardium
porulosum underwent during its existence
in the Paris basin, 250
-- on the microscopic shells of the Paris
basin, 251
-- on the fossil shells of the Netherlands,
276
-- on the number of shells common
to the Maestricht beds, chalk, and upper
green sand, 325
-- on the distinctness of the secondary
and tertiary fossil shells, 327
-- on the secondary fossil shells of
the Pyrenees, 343
Desmoulins, M. Ch., on the Eocene deposits
of the environs of Bordeaux, 209
Desnoyers, M., on the organic remains of
the Faluns, 205
-- on the tertiary formations of Touraine,
20, 203
-- on the resemblance of the English
Crag and the Faluns of the Loire,
204
Desnoyers, M., on the fossil organic remains
of the Orleanais, 219
-- on the alternation of the plastic
clay and calcaire grossier in the Paris
basin, 244
-- on the tertiary formations of the Cotentin,
276
-- on the marine tertiary strata near
Rennes, 276
Devil's-dyke, view of the chalk escarpment
of the South Downs, taken
from the -- see wood-cut No. 65, 290
Diagonal stratification of the Crag strata -- see
wood-cuts, 174, 175
-- cause of this arrangement, 176
Dikes, intersecting limestone, 69
-- traversing peperino near Palagonia,
-- see diagrams Nos. 6 and 7, 69
-- on the summit of the lime-stone
platform, Val di Noto, 70
-- off tuff or peperino, how formed,
70
-- changes caused in argillaceous strata
by, 70
-- on Etna, their form, origin, and composition,
90
-- at the base of the Serra del Solfizio
-- see wood-cut, No. 19, 90
-- changes caused by, in the escarpment
of Somma, 91
-- in the Val del Bove, as seen from
the summit of Etna -- see wood-cut No.
22, 93
-- some caused by the filling up of
fissures by lava, 122, 123
-- of Somma -- see wood-cut No. 25,
122
-- cause of the parallelism of their opposite
sides, 122
-- varieties in their texture, 124
-- volcanic, in Madeira, 134
-- strata altered by, 368
Diluvial theories, 270
Diluvial waves, whether there are signs of
their occurrence on Etna, 101
-- no signs of, in Campania, 128
Dip and direction of the tertiary strata of
Sicily, 73
-- of the marine strata at the foot of
Etna, 78
Dominica, alternations of coral and lava
in, 133
Dorsetshire, valleys of elevation in, 308
Dorsetshire and Cambridgeshire, great line
of chalk escarpment between, 315
Doue, M. Bertrand de, on the fossil mammiferous
remains of Velay, 219
-- on the lacustrine deposits of Velay,
235, 236
-- on the igneous rocks of Velay,
262
Doue, M. Bertrand de, on Auvergne alluviums
under lava, 267
Du Bois, M., on the tertiary strata of, Vol.
hynia and Podolia, 215
Dufrenoy, M., on the limestone of Blaye,
near Bordeaux, 209
-- on the hill of Gergovia, 258
-- on the age of the red marl and rocksalt
of Cardona, 333
Durance, river, land-shells brought from
the Alps into the Rhone by the, 48
Dunwich, thickness of the crag strata in
the cliffs near, 172
Dunwich, dip of the crag strata in a cliff
between Mismer and -- see wood-cut
No. 33, 175
Dunes, near Calais, ripple marks formed
by the winds on the -- see wood-cut, No.
36, 176

Earthquake, Olot destroyed by, in 1421,
191
-- of Cutch, effects of the, 104, 249,
318
Earthquakes, their effects on the excava
tion of valleys, 113
-- during the Eocene period, 312
Earth's crust, signs of a succession of former
changes recognizable in, 1
-- arrangement of the materials composing
the, 8
Earth's surface may be greatly changed in
one part while an adjoining tract re
mains stationary, 128
East Indian Archipelago, tertiary formations
of the, 133
Ehrenhausen, coralline limestone of the
hills of, 214
Eichwald, M., on the tertiary deposits of
Volhynia and Podolia, 215
Eifel, volcanos of the, 193
-- map of the volcanic district of the -- see
wood-cut No. 48, 194
--lake-craters of the -- see wood-cut,
No. 49, 195
--trass of the, and its origin, 197
-- age of the volcanic rocks of the, 199
Elevation of land, how caused, 105
Elevation, proofs of successive, 111
Elsa, valley of the, fresh-water formations
of, 137
England, tertiary strata of, 19, 135, 171,
284
-- comparison between the tertiary
strata of Paris and those of, 282
-- tertiary strata of, conformable to the
chalk, 282
-- origin of the tertiary strata of, 284
-- great line of chalk escarpment
through the central parts of, 315
-- elevation of land on the east coast of,
since the Older Pliocene period, 316
England, elevation of land gradual in the
S.E. of, 318
-- on the excavation of valleys in the
S.E. of, 319
Enza, river, nature of the sediment deposited
by the, 161
Eocene period, derivation of the term, 55
-- proportion of living species in the
fossil shells of the, 55
-- position of the beds referrible to
this era -- see diagrams Nos. 3 and 4,
20, 21
-- geographical distribution of the recent
species found in the, 55
-- mammiferous remains of the, 59
-- fresh-water formations of the,
225
-- marine formations of the, 241
-- our knowledge of the physical geography,
fauna and flora of the, considerable,
254
-- volcanic rocks of the, 257
-- map of the principal tertiary basins of
the-see wood-cut No. 62, 275
-- earthquakes during the, 312
-- alluviums of the, 311
-- chasm between the newest second
ary formations and those of the, 328
-- great volume of hypogene rocks
formed since, 381
-- number of species of fossil shells
common to different formations referri
ble to the, Appendix I., p. 49
-- number of living species in the fossil
shells of the, ib., 50
-- number common to the Pliocene,
Miocene, and, ib., 50
-- geugraphical distribution of the living
species found in the, ib., 51
Eocene strata in the Bordeaux basin, 208
-- its relative position-see wood-cut
No. 52, 209
Epomeo, shells found in volcanic tuff near
the summit of, 126
Erratic blocks of the Alps, 148
-- transported by ice, 149
Escarpments, manner in which the sea
destroys successive lines of, 111, 292
Escarpments of the chalk in the Weald
valley, once sea-cliffs -- see wood-cuts,
Nos. 65 and 66, 289, 291
Estuary deposits, arrangement of, 9
Eternity of the earth, or of present system
of changes not assumed in this work,
383
Etna, marine and volcanic formations at
its base, 75
-- view of, from the limestone platform
of Primosole-see diagram No. 11, 75
-- connexion of the strata at its base
with those of the Val di Noto -- see
diagram No. 12, 76
Etna, southern base of, 77
-- recent shells in clay at the foot of, 77
-- dip of the marine strata at the base
of, 78
-- eastern side of, 78
-- shells in tuffs and marls on the east
side of, 79
-- lavas of the Cyclopian isles, not currents
from, 81
-- internal structure of the cone of, 83
--great valley on the east side of -- see
wood-cut No. 17, 83
-- lateral eruptions of, 84
-- manlier of increase of the principal
cone of, 84
-- sections of buried cones on, 88
-- form, composition, and origin of the
dikes on, 90
-- veins of lava on -- see wood-cut No.
20, 91
-- view from the summit of, into the
Val del Bove -- see wood-cut No. 22,
93
-- subsidences on, 96
-- antiquity of the cone of, 97
-- whether signs of diluvial waves are
observable on, 101
-- list of fossil shells from the flanks
of -- Appendix II., p. 53,
Europe, newest tertiary strata of, 22
-- large portions of, submerged when
the secondary strata were formed, 23
-- almost all the land in, has emerged
since the deposition of the chalk, 330
European tertiary strata, successive origin
of the, 18
European alluviums in great part tertiary,
150
Excavation of valleys, 319

Faluns of Touraine, 203
-- comparison between the English
crag and the, 203, 204
-- were formed in a shallow sea, 204
-- organic remains of the, 204, 206
Fasano, escarpment of marine strata seen
near, 78
Fault in the cliff-hills near Lewes -- see
section, wood-cut No. 76, 301
Finochio, view of the rock of, with the
lavas of 1811 and 1819 flowing round
it -- see wood-cut No. 21, 92
Firestone of the Weald Valley, 286
-- terrace formed by the harder beds
of -- see wood-cut No. 67, 291, 292
Fish, skeletons of, by no means frequent
in a fossil state, 47
-- fossil, of Castrogiovanni, 67
Fitton, Dr., on the secondary rocks of the
Valley of the Weald, 286
-- on the denudation of the Weald Val
ley, 289
Fitton, Dr., on faults in the strata of the
Forest ridge, 293
-- on a line of vertical and inclin
ed strata from the Isle of Wight to
Dieppe, 315
-- an ammonite found in the Maestricht
beds by, 325
-- on the extent and thickness of the
Wealden, 329
-- on the delta of the Niger, 3.29
Fiume Salso, in Sicily, 252
Fleming, Dr., on the effects of the deluge,
271
Flinty slate, slate-clay of the lias, converted
into, by trap dike, 370
Flood, supposed effects of the, 270
-- hypothesis of a partial, 270
Floridia, schistose and arenaceous limestone
of, 66
Fluvia, river, ravines in lava excavated by,
186, 189
Forest ridge of the Weald Valley, 293
-- faults in the strata of the, 293
-- thickness of masses removed from
the, 313
Formations, causes of the superposition of
successive, 26
-- universal, remarks on the theory
of, 38
-- new subdivisions of the tertiary,
52
Fossa Grande, section of Vesuvius seen in,
84
Fossilization of plants and animals partial,
31
Fossils, distinctness of the secondary and
tertiary, 327
Fresh-water deposits, secondary, why rare,
330
Fuveau, in Provence, tertiary strata of,
276

Gabel Tor, volcano of, 136
Galieri, a bed of corals found standing
erect among igneous and aqueous formations
at, 73
Ganges, the crocodile of the, found both
in fresh and salt water, 330
Gannat, fresh-water limestone of, 232
Garnets, in altered shale, 369
Garrinada, hill of, described -- (see frontispiece, )
187
Gavarnie, cirque of, 88
-- lamination of clay-slate near -- see
wood-cut No. 89, 366
Gault of the Valley of the Weald,
286
-- valley formed at its out-crop, 292
-- forms an escarpment towards the
Weald clay, 293
Gemunden Maar, view of the-see wood
cut No. 49, 195
Geneva, lake of, advance of the delta of
the Rhone in, 27
-- change which will take place in the
distribution of sediment when it is filled
up, 27
Genoa, height of the tertiary strata above
the sea at, 165, 166
-- position of the strata -- see diagram
No. 28, 166
Geological periods, their distinctness may
arise from our imperfect information, 56
Gergovia, hill of, alternation of volcanic
tuff and fresh-water marls in the, 258
-- section of, 259
-- intersected by a dike of basalt-see
wood-cut, No. 60, 259
Giacomo, St., valley of, described, 84, 85,
91
Gillenfeld, description of the Pulvermaar
of, 197
Girgenti, section at-see diagram No.5,
64
-- shells found in the limestone of, 65
-- dip of the tertiary strata at, 74
-- list of fossil shells from-Appendix
II., p.54
Gironde, tertiary strata or the basin of the,
206
Glaciers of Savoy, great quantities of rock
brought down by the, 149
Glen Roy, parallel roads of, 131
Glen Tilt, junction of limestone and granite
in -- see wood-cut No. 88, 356
Gly, river, tertiary strata in the valley of
the, 170
Gneiss, mineral composition of, 365, 367
-- passage of, into granite, 367, 372
-- was originally deposited from water,
367
-- whence derived, 373
Gozzo degli Martiri, dikes intersecting
limestone at, 69
-- view of the valley of -- see wood-cut
No. 23, 110
Grammichele, beds or incoherent yellow
sand with shells found near, 66
-- bones of the mammoth found in
alluvium at, 151
Grampians, granite veins of the, 357
Granada, tertiary strata of, 170
Granite, junction of limestone and, in Glen
Tilt -- see wood-cut No. 88, 356
-- formed at different periods, 13, 357
-- passage from trap into, 361
-- origin of, 12, 363
-- passage of gneiss into, 367, 372
-- changes produced by its contact
with strata of lias and oolite in the Alps,
371
Granite veins, their various forms and
mineral composition -- see wood-cuts,
Nos. 85, 86, 87, and 88, 353, 356, 370
Gravesend, deep indentations in the chalk
filled with sand, gravel, &c., near, 282
Greywacke, 377
-- of the Eisel, 194
-- age of the rocks termed, 327
Greenough, Mr., on fossil shells from the
borders of the Red Sea, 136
Grifone, Monte, caves containing the re.
mains of extinct animals in, 141
Grit, calcareous, and peperino, sections of
-- see diagrams Nos. 9 and 10, 72
Grooved surface of rocks, how formed,
147
Grosoeil, near Nice, tertiary strata found
at, 135
Guadaloupe, active volcanos in, 133
Guidotti, Signor, on the shells of the gyp~
sum of Monte Cerio, 159
Gypseous marls containing fish found at
Castrogiovanni, 63, 67
Gypsum, and marls, of the Paris basin, 247
-- bones of quadrupeds, &c., in, 251
-- on the entire absence of marine re
mains in the, 252
-- of St. Romain on the Allier, 233
-- beds of, interstratified with the sub-
Apennine marls, 159
-- unaltered shells in the, 159
Gyrogonites, abundant in the fresh-water
formations of the Paris basin, 250

Hall, Sir James, his experiments on rocks,
124
-- on the grooved summits of the Cor
storphine hills, 147
Hall, Capt. B., on the parallel roads of
Coquimbo, 131
-- on vertical dikes of lava in Madeira,
134
-- on the veins traversing the Table
Mountain, Cape of Good Hope, 354
Hamilton, Sir W., his account of the erup
tion of Vesuvius in 1779, 122
Hampshire basin, tertiary formations of the
18, 280
--mammiferous remains of the, 280, 281
-- on the former continuity of the London
and, 283
Happisborough, diagonal stratification of
the crag strata near -- see wood-cut No.
32, 174
Hartz mountains, geological and geographical
axes of the, 346
Hastings sands, their composition, 286
-- anticlinal axis formed by the, 287
Haute Loire, fresh-water formation of the,
235
Headen Hill, section of, 281
Heat, its influence on the consolidation of
strata, 334
Hebrides, age of the volcanic rocks of the,
336
Heidelberg, shells found in the loess at,
152
-- loess and gravel alternating at, 153
-- granites of different ages near, 357
Henslow, Professor, on the changes caused
by a volcanic dike in Anglesea, 368
Hibbert, Dr., on the extinct volcanos of
the Rhine, 197, 201
-- on the loess of the valley of the
Rhine, 151
-- on the mammiferous remains of
Velay, 219
Highbeach, in Essex, height of the London
clay at, 312
Hoffmann, Professor, his examination of
Sicily, 63
-- on the limestone of Capo Santa Croce,
68
-- on the new island of Sciacca, 71
-- on the Val del Bove, 88
-- on cave deposits in Sicily, 139, 140,
141
Honduras, recent strata of the, 133
Hornblende schist, altered clay or shale,
373
Horner, Mr. Leonard, his map of the volcanic
district of the Eifel and Lower
Rhine-see wood-cut No. 48, 194
-- on the geology of the Lower Rhine
and Eifel, 201
Hugi, M., on secondary strata altered into
gneiss in the Alps, 372
-- on modern granite in the Alps, 358
Human remains now becoming imbedded
in osseous breccias in the Morea, 144
Humboldt, on the depression of a large
part of Asia, below the level of the sea,
29
Hundsruck, beds and veins of quartz found
in the mountains of the, 201
Hungary, tertiary formations of, 212
-- age of the tertiary strata of, 215
-- volcanic rocks of, 222
-- age of the igneous rocks of, 223
Hutton, his opinion as to altered sedimentary
rocks, 382
Huttonian hypothesis of the origin of
gneiss, 366
Hypogene, term proposed as a substitute
for primary, 374
-- formations, no order of succession
in, 375
-- rocks, their identity of character in
distant regions, 376
-- produced in all ages in equal quantities,
377
-- their relative age, 377
-- volume of, formed since the Eocene
period, 381

Icebergs, rocks transported by, deposited
wherever they are dissolved, 149, 150
Idienne, volcanic mountain of, 252
Indusial limestone of Auvergne, 232
Inkpen Hill, the highest point of the chalk
in England, 314
Inland cliff near Dax -- see wood-cut No.
53, 209
Inland cliffs on East side of Val di Noto,
111
Insects, fossil, of Aix, 277
Ischia, volcanic conglomerates now in
progress on the shores of, 73
-- fossil shells of recent species found
at great heights in, 126
-- external configuration of, how caused)
127
-- list of fossil shells from-Appendix
11., 57
Isle of Bourbon, a volcanic eruption every
two years in, 363
Isle of Cyclops, in the bay of Trezza, view
of -- see wood-cut No. 14, 79
-- its height, &c., 79
-- stratified marl resting on columnar
lava in the -- see wood-cut No. 14, 79
-- contortions in the newer Pliocene,
strata of-see wood-cut No. 15, 80
-- divided into two parts by a great
fissure, 80
-- newer Pliocene strata invaded by
lava in -- see wood-cut No. 16, 81
-- lavas of, not currents from Etna, 81
Isle of Purbeck, traversed by a line of vertical
or inclined strata, 315
Isle of Wight, geology of the, 18
-- fall of one of the Needles of the, into
the sea in 1772, 181
-- fresh-water strata of the, 280
-- mammiferous remains of the, 281,
317
-- vertical strata of the, 315
Italy, tertiary strata of, 18
-- age of the volcanic rocks of, 183
-- number of living species in the fossil
shells of -- see Appendix 1., 47
-- number of those common to Sicily
and, ib. 47
-- number common to the Crag and,
ib.47
-- number common to Sicily, the
and, ib. 47

Jack, Dr., on the geology of the island of
Pulo Nias, 134
Jamaica, fossil shells of recent species
from, in the British Museum, 133
Java, subsidence of the volcano of Papandayang,
in the island of, 96
-- vegetation destroyed by hot sulphuric
water from a mountain in, 252
Jobert, M., on the extinct quadrupeds of
Mont Perrier, 218
-- on the hill of Gergovia, 258
Jobert, M., on the different ages of Auvergne
alluviums, 267
Jorullo, time for which the lava of, retained
its heat, 363
Jura, erratic blocks of the, 148

Kaiserstuhl, volcanic hills in the plains of
the Rhine, 152
-- covered nearly to their summits with
loess, 152
Katavothrons of the plain of Tripolitza now
filling up with osseous breccias, 144
Kater, Capt., on recent deposits near
Ramsgate, 182
Keferstein, M., his objections to M. de
Beaumont's theory, 347
Kingsclere, valley of, ground plan of the
-- see wood-cut No. 78, 305
-- section across the, from North to
South -- see wood-cut No. 79, 305
-- section of the, with the heights on a
true scale-see wood-cut No. 80, 306
-- anticlinal axis of the, 306
-- proofs of denudation in the, 307
Killas of Cornwall, 370

Laach, lake-crater of, 197
Lacustrine deposits overlying the crag -- see
diagram No. 30, 173
Lake Aidat, formed by the damming up of
a river by lava, 269
Lake-craters of the Eifel-see wood-cuts
Nos. 49 and 50, 195, 196
-- how formed, 196
Lakes, arrangement of deposits in, 8
Lake Superior, recent deposits in, analogous
to those of the Eocene lakes in
Anvergne, 230
-- nature of the recent deposits in, 334
-- the bursting of its barrier would cause
an extensive deluge, 270
Lamarck, his list of the fossil shells of the
Paris basin, 156
La Motta, valleys excavated through blue
marl capped with columnar basalt at, 77
-- volcanic conglomerate of-see diagram
No. 13, 77
--relative age of the basalts of, 82
Lancashire, tertiary strata of, 135
Land, elevation of, caused by subterranean
lava, 105
Land-shells drifted from the Alps into the
Mediterranean, 48
Landers, on the delta of the Niger, 330
Landes, tertiary strata of the, 206
La Roche, section of the hill of, 229
Las Planas, lava current of, 189
La Trinita, near Nice, fossil shells of, 168
Lauder, Sir T. D., on the parallel roads of
Glen Roy, 131
Lava, a bed of oysters between two currents
of, at Vizzini, 73
Lava, columnar, stratified marl resting on,
in the Isle of Cyclops -- see wood-cut
No. 14, 79
-- minerals in cavities of, 81
-- veins of, on Etna, 91
--great length of time which it requires
to cool, 363
Lava streams solid externally while in mo
tion, 86
Lavas of the Cyclopian isles not currents
from Etna, 81
Lavas and breccias of the Val del Bove, 93
Lavas excavated by rivers in Catalonia,
186, 189
Lavas and alluviums of different ages in
Auvergne -- see wood-cut No. 61, 266
La Vissiere, fresh-water limestone covered
by volcanic rocks at, 263
-- faults in the limestone at, 263
Leeward Islands, geology of the, 132
Le Grand d'Aussi, M., on alluviums under
lava in Auvergne, 267
Leith Hill, height of, 293
Lentini, volcanic pebbles covered with
serpulae in the limestone near, 73
-- dip of the strata at, 74
-- valleys near, their origin, 111
Leonhard, M., on the loess of the valley of
the Rhine, 151
-- on the volcanic district of the Lower
Rhine, 201
-- on granites of different ages near
Heidelberg, 357
Lewes, fissures in the chalk filled with
sand near, 283
-- view of the ravine called the Coomb
near -- see wood-cut No. 75, 301
--fault in the cliff-hills near-see woodcut
No. 76, 301
Leybros, fresh-water limestone of, 237
Lias, strata of the, 326
-- strata between the Carboniferous
group and the, 326
-- converted into flinty slate by trap
dike in Antrim, 370
-- altered in the Alps, 372
-- altered in Hebrides, 378
Licodia, relative age of the basalts of, 82
Lignite interstratified with the sub-Apennine
marls, 159
Lima, valley of, proofs of the successive
rise of the, 130
Limagne d'Auvergne, lacustrine deposits
and volcanic rocks of the -- see map,
wood-cut No. 56, 226
Limestone formation of the Val di Noto
described -- see diagram No. 5, 64
-- its organic remains, 65
Limestone, resting on lava at Capo Santa
Croce, 68
Lithological character of the sub-Apen
nine beds, 157, 162
Lockart, M., on the fossil remains of the
Orleanais, 219
Loess of the valley of the Rhine, 151
-- mineral, composition of the, 151
-- its thickness and origin, 152
-- gravel, &c. alternating with, 153
-- list of shells from the -- see Appendix
II., 58
Loire, tertiary strata of the basin of the,
20
-- relative age of the strata of the -- see
diagram No. 3, 20
-- 'faluns' of the, 203
London basin, tertiary deposits of the, 18,
277
-- on the former continuity of the
Hampshire and, 283
-- fossil shells of the -- see Tables, Appendix
I.
-- proportion of living species in the
fossil shells of the -- Appendix I., 50
London clay, its composition, thickness,
&c., 279
-- septaria of the, 279
-- the fossil shells identifiable with
those of the Paris basin, 280
-- organic remains of the, 280
Lower green-sand described, 286
Lower Rhine, see Rhine.
Lucina divaricata, wide geographical
range of the, 254
Luy, section of tertiary strata in the valley
of the-see diagram No. 51, 207

Maars, or lake-craters of the Eifel -- see
wood-cuts Nos. 49 and 50, 195, 196
-- how formed, 196
Macculloch, Dr., on the parallel roads of
Glen Roy, 131
-- sub-Apennine strata termed marine
alluvia by, 157
-- on the granite veins of Cape Wrath,
in Scotland, 354
-- on the junction of granite and limestone
in Glen Tilt, 356
-- on the granitic rocks of Shetland, 357
-- on the granite of Sky, 358
-- on the trap rocks of Scotland, 360
-- on the granite of Aberdeenshire,
361
-- on the passage of gneiss into granite,
372
Macigno of the Italians the greywacke of
the Germans, 162
Madure, Dr., on the geology of the Lee.
ward Islands, 132
-- on the volcanic district of Olot in
Catalonia, 184
-- his observations preceded by those
of Don Bolos, 193
Madeira, fossil shells of recent species
brought from, 134
Madeira, vertical dikes of compact lava
seen 10, 134
-- violently shaken by earthquakes during
the last century, 134
Maestricht beds, fossils of the, 324
-- chasm between the Eocene and,
325
-- number of fossil shells common to
the chalk and, 325
-- number common to the upper greensand
and, 325
Magnan, river, 167
-- section from Monte Calvo to the sea
by the valley of -- see diagram, No. 29,
167
Malaga, tertiary strata of, 170
Mammalia, fossil, importance of the remains
of, 47
-- duration of species in, more limited
than in testacea, 140
-- shells of living species found with
extinct, 140
Mammiferous remains of the successive
tertiary eras, 59
Mammoth, tusk of the, found in calcareous
tufa near Rome, 139
Man, remains of, now becoming imbedded
in osseous breccias in the Morea, 144
Mantell, Mr., on the fossil shells of the
crag, 171
-- on deposits containing recent shells
in the cliffs near Brighton, 182
--- on tertiary outliers on the chalk,
283
-- on the secondary rocks of the Weald
valley, 286
-- his section of the valley of the
Weald, with the heights on a true
scale -- see wood-cut No. 64, 288
-- his section from the North escarp
ment of the South Downs to Barcombe
- see wood-cut No. 71, 296
-- on the absence of chalk detritus on
the central ridge of the Weald, 296
-- his section of a fault in the cliff-hills
near Lewes -- see wood-cut No. 76,
301
-- his discovery of the Mososaurus of
Maestricht in the English chalk, 325
Map of the volcanic district of Catalonia
-see wood-cut, No. 43, 184
-- of the volcanic region of the Eifel -- see
wood-cut No. 48, 194
-- of Auvergne, showing its geographical
connexion with the Paris basin -- see
wood-cut No. 56, 226
Marculot, fresh-water limestone of, 232
Mardolce, grotto of, bones of extinct quadrupeds
found in the, 140
-- pierced in the interior by boring
testacea, 141
-- breccia in, how formed, 141
Marienforst, blocks of quartz containing
casts of fresh-water shells found near, 199
Marine alluviums, 145
Marine testacea, wide range of, 44, 48
Marls, sub-Apennine, localities of the, 158,
159
-- sometimes thinly laminated, 158
-- interstratified with lignite and gypsum,
159
-- capped by basalt at some places, 159
Martin, Mr., on the Valley of the Weald,
293
-- on the transverse valleys of the North
and South Downs, 299
-- his supposed section of a trans
verse valley -- see wood-cut No.74, 300
-- his estimate of the thickness of
strata removed from the summit of the
Forest ridge, 313
Maritime Alps, tertiary strata at the base
of the, 164
Marsupial animals, their remains found in
breccias in Australian caves, 143
Mascalucia, subsidence on Etna near the
town of, 96
Medesano, lignite in the sub-Apennine marls
at, 159
Mediterranean, organic remains of the, 40
-- distinct from those of the Red Sea,
41, 205
-- shells drifted from the Alps into
the, 48
Medway, transverse valley of the, 298, 299
Meerfelder Maar described, 197
Melilli, view of a circular valley near -- see
wood-cut No. 23, 110
-- inland cliffs seen near, 111
Merdogne, fresh-water marls intersected by
a dike of basalt above the village 8f, 259
Metamorphic, the term proposed and defined,
374
-- rocks of the Alps, altered lias and
oolite, 371
-- sometimes pass into sedimentary, 376
-- sometimes divided by strong line of
demarcation, 376
-- in what manner their age should
be determined, 378
-- why those visible to us are for the
most part ancient, 380
-- why they appear the oldest, 379
Micaceous schist, whence derived, 373
Microscopic fossil shells abundant near
Sienna, 163
-- shells of the Paris basin, -- see Plate
IV., 250
Militello, list of fossil shells from -- see Appendix
II., p. 54
Mineral character, persistency of, why apparently
greatest in older rocks, 331
-- characters, proofs of contempora
neous origin derived from, 37
Mineral composition of the sub-Apennine
strata, 157
-- of rocks no proof of contemporaneous
origin, 161
Minerals in the cavities of lava, Isle of Cyclops,
81
Miocene period, term whence derived, 54
-- proportion of living species in the
fossil shells of the, 54
-- position of the beds rererrible to the
-see diagrams, Nos. 3 and 4, 20, 21
-- mammiferous remains of the, 59
-- Marine formations of the, 202
-- fresh-water formations of the, 219
--volcanic rocks of the, 222
-- alluviums, localities of, 217
-- fossil shells of the-see tables Ap
pendix I.
-- general results derived from the fossil
shells of the Appendix I., p. 47
-- number of fossil species of shells
common to different formations referrible
to the, ib., p. 47.
-- number of living species in the fossil
shells of the, w., p. 48
-- number of species common to the
pliocene and, ib., p. 49
-- geographical distribution of the living
species of the, ib., 51
Mirambeau, red clay and sand of, 208
Mismer, dip of the crag strata in a cliff
between Dunwich and -- see wood-cut,
No. 33, 175
Misterbianco, valleys excavated through
blue marl at, 77
Mitchell, Major, on breccias in Australian
caves, 143
Mitscherlich, M., on the minerals found in
Somma, 121
Modern causes, remarks on the term, 319
Molasse, thickness of, at Stein, 153
-- of Switzerland, 212
-- its place in the series of tertiary formations
not yet known, 212
Mole, transverse valley of the, 298
Molluscous animals, superior longevity of
the species of, 48
Mont Dor, age of the volcano of, 260, 262
-- its height, form, and composition, 261
Mont Ferrat, tertiary strata of the hills of, 21
-- hills of, geological structure of the, 211
Monte Calvo, section from to the sea-see
diagram No. 29, 167
Monte Cerio, unaltered shells found in the
gypsum of, 159
Monte Grifone, caves containing osseous
breccias in, 141
Montlosier, M., on alluviums of different
ages in Auvergne, 267
Monte Mario, marine strata of, 138
-- shells changed into calcareous spar
in, 160
Montmartre, gypsum of, 247
-- bones of quadrupeds, &c. in the gyp
sum of, 251
-- entire absence of marine remains in
the gypsum of, 252
Mont Mezen, age of the, 260
Monte Nuovo, formation of, 104, 128, 125
Montpellier, tertiary strata of, 215
Mont Perrier, position of the Miocene
alluviums of -- see wood-cut, No. 54, 217
-- remains of extinct quadrupeds in the
alluviums of, 218
-- age of the trachytic breccias of, 262
Montsacopa, volcanic cone of -- (see Frontispiece, )
186
Mountain chains formed of successive
igneous and aqueous groups superimposed
on each other, 240
-- on the relative antiquity of, 337
-- difficulty of determining the relative
ages of, 350
Moravia, fossil shells of -- see tables, Appendix
I.
Morea, osseous breccias now forming in
the, 144
-- tertiary strata of the, 170
-- distinct ranges of sea cliffs at various
elevations in the, 113, 132
-- fossil shells of the-see tables, Appendix
I.
Moropano, fossil shells found in tuff near
the town of, 126
Mosenberg, a mountain with a triple volcanic
cone, 197
Mososaurus of Maestricht found also in the
English chalk, 325
Mundesley, protuberances of chalk in the
crag strata near, 180
Murat, fresh-water deposits covered by
volcanic rocks near, 263
Murchison, Mr., on the tertiary strata of
Grosoeil, near Nice, 135
-- on tertiary strata at the base of the
Maritime Alps, 166, 168
--his section of the manner in which
the crag rests on the chalk-see dia.
gram No. 30, 173
-- on the Superga, 211
-- on the tertiary formations of Styria,
gaam 213, 214
-- on the fresh-water formation of Cadibona,
222
-- on the volcanic rocks of Styria, 224
-- on central France, 227
-- on the lacustrine strata of the Cantal,
239
-- on Auvergne, 258
-- on the Plomb du Cantal, 263
-- on the excavation of valleys, 265
-- on the tertiary formations of Aix, in
Provence, 277
- on the terrace formed by the hard
beds of the upper green-sand, 292
Murphy, Lieut. H., on the height of the
North Downs, 288
Musara, sections of buried cones seen near
the rock of, 88
-- flowing of the lava of 1811 and 1819
round-see wood-cut, No. 21, 92
-- traversed by dikes, 92

Nadder, valley of the, 308
Nantes, tertiary strata near, resting on primary
rocks, 204
Naples, recent tertiary strata in the district
around, 22
-- volcanic region of, changes which
it has undergone in the last 2000 years,
118
-- recent shells in volcanic tuffs near,
126
Necker, M. L. A., on the dikes of Somma,
121
-- on the cause of the parallelism of
their opposite sides, 122
-- on the varieties in texture of the
dikes of Somma, 124
Needles of the Isle of Wight, fall of one of
them into the sea in 1772, 181
Nesti, M., on the fossil elephant of the
upper Val d'Arno, 221
Netherlands, tertiary formations of the, 276
Newer Pliocene period -- see Pliocene
period, newer
Newhaven, patches of tertiary strata found
on the chalk near, 286
Nice, height of the tertiary strata above the
sea at, 165, 167
-- section from Monte Calvo to the sea,
by the valley of Magnan near -- see diagram
No. 29, 167
-- great beds of conglomerate near, 167
-- dip of the strata, 168
Niger, delta of the, area covered by the, 329
Nile, its delta now preyed on by currents,
28
Noeggerath, M., his map of the Eifel district,
193
-- on volcanic district of the Rhine, 201
Norfolk, crag strata of, 171
-- rapid waste of the cliffs on the
coast of, 297
Northampton, Lord, fossil fish found near
Castrogiovanni by, 67
North Downs, chalk ridge called the, 287
-- section across the valley of the
Weald from the south to the -- see wood-
cuts, No. 63 and 64, 288
-- highest point of the, 288
-- on the former continuity of the chalk
of the, with that of the South Downs, 303
Noto, Val di, formations of the, 63
--volcanic rocks of the, 63. 67
Novera, hill of, in Sicily, junction of tuff
and limestone in the-see diagram No.
8, 70

Odoardi, on the recent origin of the tertiary
strata of Italy, 19
OEiningen, fossil reptile found at, 7
Older Pliocene period -- see Pliocene period,
older
Olivet, volcanic cone of -- (see frontispillce, )
187
Olot, volcanic district of, 183
-- its extent-see map, wood-cut No.
43, 184
-- number of volcanic cones in -- (see
frontispiece, 185)
-- geological structure of the district
around, 185
-- age of the volcanos of, 191
-- town of, destroyed by an earthquake
in 1421, 191
-- country between Perpignan and. occasionally
shaken by earthquakes, 191
Omalius d'Halloy, on the former connexion
of Auvergne and the Paris basin by
lakes, 241
Oolite, or jura limestone formation, 326
--converted into hypogene rock in
the Alps, 371
Organic remains, controversy as to the real
nature of, 3
-- theories to account for their occurrence
in high mountains, 4
-- contemporaneous origin of rocks
proved by, 39
-- comparative value of different classes
of, 46
Origin of the globe, no geological proofs
of, 384
Orleanais, fossil remains of the, 219
Orthes, tertiary strata of, 207
Osseous breccias, in Sicilian caves, 139
-- in Australian caves, 143
-- now forming in the Morea, 144
Otranto, tertiary strata of, 22
Ouse, transverse valley of the, 298, .299
-- has filled up an arm of the sea, 300
Outlying patches of tertiary strata on chalk
hills, 283

Pachydermata, great abundance of this
order in the Eocene period, 59
Pacific, lines of ancient sea cliffs on the
shores of the, 130
Palaeotherium found in the fresh-water
strata of the Isle of Wight, 281, 317
Palagonia, dikes traversing peperino at -- see
diagrams Nos. 6 and 7, 69
-- section to Paterno from -- see diagram
No. 12, 76
Palermo. caves containing osseous breccias
near, 140
-- fossil shells from -- see list Appendix
II., p. 55, 56
Panella, in Ischia, ancient sea-beach seen
near, 127
Papandayang, subsidence of the volcanic
cone of, 96
Parallel roads of Coquimbo, 131
-- of Glen Roy, 131
Paris, comparison between the tertiary
strata of, and those of England, 282
Paris basin, formations of the, 16
-- organic remains of the, 16
-- all tertiary formations at first referred
to the age of those of the, 17
-- analogy of the deposits of central
France to those of the, 241
-- geographical connexion of Auvergne
and the, 241
-- subdivisions of strata in the, 242
-- diagrams showing the relation which
the strata bear to each other -- see wood-cuts,
Nos. 58 and 59, 243
-- superposition of different formations
in the, 244
-- plastic clay and sands of the, 244
-- calcaire grossier, 245
-- calcaire siliceux described, 246
-- gypsum and marls of the, 246
-- second or upper marine group, 248
-- third fresh-water formation, 249
-- age of the deposits of the, 20, 250
-- abundance of microscopic shells in
the, 20, 250
-- bones of quadrupeds in gypsum, 251
-- alternation of strata with and without
organic remains in the, 254
-- number of living species in the fossil
testacea of the, 55, 253
-- concluding remarks on the tertiary
strata of the, 254
-- fossil shells of the-see tables, Appendix
I.
-- number of living species in the fossil
shells of the -- Appendix I., p. 50
Parkinson, Mr., on the crag, 19, 156
Parma, sub-Apennine marls thinly laminated
near, 158
-- these marls interstratified with lignite
in the territory of, 159
-- silicified shells found in the marls
near, 160
-- blue marl of, a fresh-water univalve
filled with marine shells found in
the, 163
-- river, brown clay deposited by the,
161
Paroxysmal elevations, theory of, 128
Partsch, M., on the tertiary strata of the
basin of Vienna, 213
Paterno, section from, to Palagonia -- see
diagram, No. 12, 76
-- valleys excavated through blue mar
at, 77
-- relative age of the basalts of, 82
Pauliac, limestone of, 208
Pegwell bay, recent deposits in, 182
Pentalica, great limestone of the Val di
Noto seen in the valley of, 64
Pentland, Mr., on the bones of animals
from Australian caves, 144
-- on the mammiferous remains of
the Upper Val d'Arno, 220
Peperino, traversed by dikes near Pala
gonia -- see diagrams, Nos. 6 and 7, 69
-- dikes of, how formed, 70
-- sections of calcareous grit and -- see
diagrams Nos. 9 and 10, 72
Peperinos, of the Val di Noto, 71
-- how formed, 71
Perpignan, the country between Olot and,
occasionally shaken by earthquakes, 191
-- fossil shells of -- see Tables, Appen
dix I.
Peru, proofs of successive elevation of the
coast of, 130
Pewsey, Vale of, 308
Phillips, Mr., his analysis of chalk flints,
238
Philosopher's Tower on Etna, 128
Phlegraean Fields, minor cones of the, 125
Piana, conglomerate of, 211
Piazza, dip of the tertiary strata at, 74
Piedmont, tertiary strata of, 20, 211
-- their relative age -- see diagram,
No. 4, 21
Pitchstone, a thin band of, formed at the
contact of the dikes of Somma and
intersected beds, 124
Placentia, character of the sediment
transported by rivers in the territory of,
161
Plants, their fossilization partial, 31
-- fossil, importance of, in geology, 47
Plas Newydd, changes caused in sedi
mentary strata by a volcanic dike near,
368
Plastic clay and sand or the London basin,
278
-- its thickness, composition, &c., 278
-- organic remains rare in the, 279
-- clay and sand of the Paris basin,
244
-- alternates with calcaire grassier, 244
Pliny does not mention the Auvergne vol
canas in his Natural History, 269
Pliocene period, newer, derivation of the
term, 53
-- proportion of living species in the
fossil shells of the, 53
-- marine formations of the, 62
--- contortions in strata of the, in the
Isle of Cyclops -- see wood-cut, No.
15, 80
-- strata of the, invaded by lava -- see
wood-cut No. 16, 81
-- subterranean rocks of fusion, formed
during the, 107 I
-- fresh-water formations of the, 137
Pliocene period, newer, osseous breccias
and cave deposits of the, 139
-- alluviums of the, 145
-- extinct animals in breccias of the,
140
Pliocene period, older, proportion of living
species in the fossil shells of the, 54
-- position of the beds referrible to this
era -- see diagrams Nos. 3 and 4, 20, 21
-- mammiferous remains of the, 59
-- tertiary formations referrible to the,
155
-- volcanic rocks of the, 183
-- elevation of land on the East coast
of England since the commencement of
the, 316
Pliocene period, fossil shells of the -- see
Table, Appendix 1.
-- general results derived from the
fossil shells of the-Appendix I., p. 47
-- number of species of fossil shells
common to different formations of the -- Appendix
I., p. 47
-- number of living species in the fossil
shells of the -- Appendix I., p. 47
-- number of species common to the
Miocene and -- Appendix. I., p. 49
-- geographical distribution of the
living species of the -- Appendix I.,
p. 51
-- strata of Sicily, their clip and direction,
73
Pliocene strata of Sicily, origin of the, 103
-- changes of the surface during and
since their emergence, 109
-- strata, newer, only visible in coun
tries of earthquakes, 129
Plomb du Cantal, successive accumulation
of the, 240
-- age of the volcanic rocks of the,
260, 262
-- its height, form, structure, &c., 263
-- fresh-water limestone covered by
volcanic rocks on the northern side of
the, 263
Plutonic rocks, 353
-- distinction between volcanic and,
359
-- their relative age, 364, 377
-- changes produced by, 370
-- why those now visible are for the
most part very ancient, 379
Podolia, tertiary formations of, 215
Poggibonsi, conglomerate of, 160
Pont du Chateau, alternation of volcanic
tuff and fresh-water limestone at, 258
Portella di Calanna, furrows in the defile
called, how formed, 147
Pratt, Mr., on the mammiferous remains of
the Isle of Wight, 281
Pressure, effects of, on the consolidation
of strata, 334
Prevost, M. Constant, on the tertiary strata
of Vienna, 21, 212
-- tabular view of his arrangement of
the strata of the Paris basin -- see wood-cut
No. 59, 243
-- on the alternation of the calcaire
grossier, and siliceous limestone, 246,
248
-- on the manner in which the mammif
erous remains may have been preserved
in the Paris gypsum, 252
-- on the alternation of strata with and
without organic remains, 254
Primary, on the rocks usually termed, 10,
352
-- their relation to volcanic and sedimentary
formations, 352
-- divisible into two groups, the stratified
and unstratified, 353
--- on the stratified rocks called, 12, 365
-- the term why faulty, 374
-- strata, how far entitled to the appellation,
377
Primitive, term now abandoned, 13
Primosole, termination of the Val di Noto,
limestone at, 75
-- view of Etna from -- see diagram
No. 11, 75
Procida, island of, would resemble Ischia
if raised, 127
Pulo Nias, fossil shells of recent species
found in the island of, 134
Pulvermaar, description of the, 197
Punto del Nasone on Somma, dikes or
veins of lava seen at -- see wood-cut No.
25, 122
Punto di Guimento, veins of lava at-see
wood-cut No. 20, 91
Purace, extinct volcano of, 252
Pusanibio river, sulphuric and muriatic
acids, and oxiue of iron in the waters of
the, 252
Pur Arzet, chalk with conformable beds of
tuff in the hill called, 207
Puy de Come, ravine excavated through
the lava of the, 264
Puy de Jussat, quartzose grits of, 229
Puy de Marmont, alternation of volcanic
tuff and fresh-water marl in the, 258
Puy de Pariou, 268
Puy Rouge, ravine cut through the lava
of the, 265
Puy de Tartaret, 264
Puy en Velay, bones of extinct quadrupeds
in alluvium under lava near, 219
-- fresh-water formation of, 235
Puzzuoli, inland cliff near, will be destroyed,
112
-- no great wave caused by the rise of
the coast near, in 1538, 128
Pyrenees, tertiary strata at the eastern extremity
of the, 170
Pyrenees, tertiary formations between the
basin of the Gironde and the, 206
-- their relative age, 341
-- tertiary strata abutting against verti
cal mica-schist at the eastern end of
the, 348
-- lamination of clay-slate in the -- see
wood-cut No. 89, 366

Quartz, compact, whence derived, 373
Quorra, or Niger, delta of the, 329

Radicofani, sub-Apennine marls capped
by basalt at, 159
-- age of the volcanic rocks of, 183
Radusa, fossil fish found in great abun
dance at, 67
Ramond, M., on alluviums of Auvergne,
267
Ramsgate, recent deposits in the cliffs
near, 182
Ravines excavated through the lavas of
Auvergne, 264, 265
Recent formations, description of, 52
-- form a common point of departure
in all countries, 58
-- why first considered, 62
Recent and Tertiary formations, synoptical
table of, 61
Red marl and sandstone of Auvergne like
'new red sandstone,' 229, 333
Red marl, supposed universality of, 333
Red Sea, and Mediterranean, distinct assemblages
of species found in the, 41,
205
-- tertiary strata found on its western
borders, 135
-- list of fossil shells from -- see Appendix
II., 57
Rennes, tertiary strata near, 276
Rhine, lower, volcanos of the, 193
-- map of the volcanic district of the, 194
-- age of the volcanic rocks of the, uncertain,
199
-- origin of the trass of the, 197
-- ancient alluviums of the, 200
Rhone, delta of, in lake of Geneva, 27
-- shells drifted from the Alps to the
Mediterranean by the, 48
Riccioli, Signior, tusk of the mammoth
from the Roman travertin shown to the
author by, 138
Rimao, valley of, lines of ancient sea-cliffs
in, 130
Ripple marks formed by the wind on the
dunes near Calais -- see wood-cut No.
36, 176
Risio, M., on the fossil shells of Groseil,
near Nice, 135
-- on the fossil shells of St. Madeleine,
near Nice, 168
Rivers, difference in the sediment of, 40
Robert, M., on extinct quadrupeds of Cussac,
219
Rocca di Ferro, shells in the tuffs of, 79
Rochester, indentations in the chalk filled
with sand, &c., near, 282
Rocks, distinction between sedimentary
and volcanic, 10, 352
-- primary, 10
-- origin of the primary, 11, 363
-- distinction between primary, secondary
and tertiary, 10
-- persistency of mineral character,
why apparently greatest in the older, 331
-- older, why most consolidated, 334
-- older, why most disturbed, 335
-- secondary volcanic, of many different
ages, 335
-- relative age of, how determined, 35
-- proofs of, by superposition, 35
-- proofs by included fragments of older
rocks, 36
-- proofs of their contemporaneous origin
derived from mineral characters, 37
--proofs from organic remains, 39
--volcanic of the Val di Noto, 63, 67
-- grooved surface of, 147
-- transportation of, by ice, 149
-- identity of their mineral composition
no proof of contemporaneous origin,
161
Roderberg, crater of the, described, 198
Rome, travertins of, 138
-- hills of, capped by calcareous tufa,
138
Ronca, fossil shells found at -- see Table,
Appendix I.
Royat, ruins of Roman bridges and baths
at, prove that no great changes have
taken place since their erection, 269
Rozet, M., on the loess of the valley of the
Rhine, 151
Runton, folding of the crag strata in the
cliffs near-see wood-cut No. 38, 178

St. Christopher's, alternations of coral and
volcanic substances in, 133
St. Eustatia, tertiary formations in, 133
St. Hospice, tertiary strata in the peninsula
of, 135
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, changes which
would result in, on the filling up of the
Canadian lakes, 28
St. Madeleine, near Nice, shells abundant
in the loamy strata of, 168
St. Michael's Mount, Cornwall, 371
St. Peter's Mount, Maestricht, fossils of,
325
St. Romain, gypsum worked at, 233
St. Vincents, active volcanos in, 133
Salisbury Craig, altered strata in, 369
San Ciro, cave of, breccia containing bone
of extinct quadrupeds in, 141
San Ciro, position of the cave of, -- see
diagram No. 27, 141
San Feliu de Pallerols, deep ravine cut
through lava near the town of, 189
San Quirico, hills of, their composition,
159
Sand and conglomerate of the sub-Apennine
strata described, 159
Santa Croce, Cape of, limestone resting
on lava at, 68
Santa Madalena, section at the bridge of,
186
Santa Margarita, size of the volcanic crater
of, 187
Sardinian volcanos, their age uncertain,
193
-- rest on a tertiary formation, 193
Sasso, Dr., on the tertiary strata of Genoa,
166
-- on the fossil shells of Albenga, 167
Saucats, fresh-water limestone of, 207
Savona, tertiary strata of-see wood-cut
No. 55, 166, 222
Sciacca, volcanic island of, 69, 71
Scoresby, Capt., on the transportation of
rocks by icebergs, 150
Scotland, parallel grooves formed in the
beds of torrents in, 147
-- granite veins of -- see wood-cuts
Nos. 85 and 86, 354
Scrope, Mr. G. P., on the volcanic district
of Naples, 125
-- on the extinct volcanos of the Rhine,
197, 201
-- on the hill of Gergovia, 258
-- on Mont Dor, 261
-- on the excavation of lava by the
river Sioule, 265
-- on alluviums under lava at different
elevations in Auvergne, 267
Sea-cliffs, successive elevations proved by
-- see wood-cut No. 24, 111
-- manlier in which the sea destroys
successive ranges of, 111, 292
-- distinct ranges of ancient, in the
Morea, 113
-- found elevated to great heights in
Peru, 130
Seaford, waste of the chalk cliffs at, 311
Secondary rocks, 14
-- of the Weald valley divisible into
five groups, 286
-- their rise and degradation gradual,
308
-- enumeration of the principal groups
of, 324
-- no species common to the tertiary
and, 327
-- Circumstances under which they originated,
23. 329
-- why more consolidated, 334
-- why more disturbed, 335
Secondary rocks, volcanic, of many different
ages, 335
Secondary fresh-water deposits why rare,
330
Secondary periods, duration of, 328
Sedgwick, Professor, on diluvial waves,
101, 272
-- on the tertiary formations of Styria,
213, 214
-- on the volcanic rocks of Styria, 224
-- on the Isle of Wight, 281, 315
-- on synclinal lines, 293
-- on the theory of M. Elie de Beaumont,
347
-- on the Cornish granite veins, 355
-- on garnets in altered shale, 369
Sediment, changes in the distribution of,
which would take place on the filling up
of large lakes, 27
Sedimentary deposition, causes which occasion
the shifting of the areas of, 26
Sedimentary rocks, distinction between
volcanic and, 10
Seguinat, Montagne de, lamination of
clay-slate in the -- see wood-cut, No. 89,
366
Selenite found in clay at the foot of Etna, 77
Septaria of the Loudon clay described, 279
Serre del Solfizio, sections of buried cones
in the cliffs of, 88
-- dikes at the base of -- see wood-cut
No. 19, 90
Serres, M. Marcel de, on the drifting of
land shells to the sea by the Rhone, 48
--on the tertiary strata of Montpellier,
215
-- on the fossil insects of Aix, 277
Sicily, geological structure of, 22, 63
-- dip and direction of the newer Pliocene
strata of, 73
-- origin of the newer Pliocene strata
of, 103
-- form of the valleys of, 109
--- no peculiar indigenous species found
in, 115
-- breccias containing- bones of extinct
animals in caves in, 139
-- alluviums of the newer Pliocene,
period in, 151
-- fossil shells of -- see Tables, Appendix
I.
-- number of living species in the fos
sil shells of -- see Appendix I., 47
-- number common to Italy and, ib. 47
-- number common to Italy, the Crag
and, ib. 47
-- number of species proper to, ib. 47
Shells, tables of fossil -- (see Appendix,  49
-- characteristic tertiary -- (see Plates, )
50
-- necessity of accurately determining
the species of, 50
Shells, recent, numerical proportion of in
the different tertiary periods, 58
-- number of species of, found both
living and fossil, 394
-- fossil tertiary, number examined to
construct the tables, 394
-- fossil, number common to all the
tertiary periods, Appendix I., 50
-- living, number of those found in a fossil
state in all the tertiary periods, ib. 50
-- geographical distribution of those
species which have their fossil analogues,
ib. 51
Sherringham, sections in the cliffs east of
-- see wood-cuts, Nos. 39 and 40, 178,
179
-- rapid waste of the cliffs at -- see section,
wood-cut No. 72, 297
Shetland, action of the sea on the coast of,
146
-- granites of different ages in, 357
-- passage of trap into granite in, 362
Siebengebirge, volcanic phenomena of the,
198
Sienna, Subapennine strata near the town
of, 160
-- microscopic fossil shells very abundant
near, 163
-- list of fossil shells from -- Appendix
II., 59
Siliceous schist, clay converted into by
lava, 70, 81
Silvertop, Col., on the tertiary strata of
Spain, 170
Simeto, plain of the, 76
Sioule, river, ravines cut through lava-cur
rents by the, 265
Sky, age of the granite of, 358
Smyth, Capt. W. H., his drawing of the
Isle of Cyclops -- see wood-cut No. 14,
79
-- on the extinct volcanos of Sardinia,
193
Somma, escarpment of, 84, 85, 87, 96
-- changes caused by dikes in the, 91
-- dikes of, 121
-- minerals found in, 121
-- parallelism of the opposite sides of
the dikes of, 122
-- varieties in the texture of the dikes
of, 124
Somma and Vesuvius, differences in the
composition of, 120
Sortino, great limestone formation seen in
the valleys of, 64
-- bones of extinct animals in caves
near, 139
South Downs, chalk ridge called the, 287
-- section from to the North Downs
across the Weald Valley -- see wood-cuts
No. 63 and 64, 288
--highest point of the, 288
South Downs, view of the escarpment of
the-see wood-cut No. 65, 290
-- section from their northern escarpment
to Barcombe -- see wood-cut No.
71, 296
-- on the former continuity of the chalk
of the North and, 303
Spaccaforno limestone, 65
Spain, tertiary formations of, 170
-- extinct volcanos of the north of, 183
-- lavas excavated by rivers in, 186, 189
Species, changes of, everywhere in progress,
30
-- effects of changes of climate on, 44
-- superior longevity of molluscous, 48
-- necessity of accurately determining,
49
--- living, proportion of in the fossils of
the newer Pliocene period, 53
-- in the older Pliocene period, 54
-- in the Miocene period, 54
-- in the Eocene period, 55
-- their geographical distribution, 55
-- in Sicily older than the country they
inhabit, 115
-- outlive great revolutions in physical
geography, 115
-- none common to the secondary and
tertiary formations, 327
Spinto, fossil shells in green sand at, 211
Steininger, Mo, on the loess of the Rhine,
151
-- on the volcanic district of the Eifel,
201
Steyning, chalk escarpment as seen from
the hill above -- see wood-cut No. 66,
291
Stirling Castle, altered strata in the rock
of, 369
Stour, transverse valley of the, 298
Strata, cause of the limited continuity of, 9
-- order of succession of -- see diagram
No.1, 14
-- origin of the European tertiary, at
successive periods, 18
-- Recent, form a common point of departure
in all countries, 58
-- with and without organic remains
alternating in the Paris basin, 254
-- on the consolidation of, 334
Stratification, unconformable, remarks on,
30, 33
-- of the Crag -- see wood-cuts, 174,
175
-- of primary rocks -- see wood-cut No.
89, 365, 366
Strike of beds, explanation of the term, 346
Stromboli, lava of, has been in constant
ebullition for 2000 years, 363
Studer, M., on the loess of the valley of
the Rhine, 152
-- on the molasse of Switzerland, 212
Styria, tertiary formations of, 212
-- age of the tertiary strata of, 214
-- volcanic rocks of, 223
Sub-Apennine strata, 18, 155
-- opinions of Brocchi on the, 155
-- lithological characters of the, 157,
162
-- not all of the same age, 157
-- termed marine alluvia by Dr. Mac
culloch, 157
-- subdivisions of the, described, 158
-- how formed, 160
-- organic remains of the, 163
-- fossil shells of the -- see Tables, Appendix
I.
Subaqueous deposits, our continents chiefly
composed of, 9
-- how raised, 104
-- distinction between alluvium and,
145
Submarine eruptions, proofs of ancient, in
the Bay of Trezza, 78, 81
Subsidence on Papandayang, in Java, 96
-- on Etna, 96
Subterranean lava the cause of the elevation
of land, 105
Subterranean rocks of fusion, probable
structure of the recent, 107
Suffolk, relative age of the tertiary strata
of -- see diagram No.4, 21
-- crag strata of, 171
-- cliffs, thickness of the crag in the,
172
Superga, strata composing the hill of the,
highly inclined, 211
-- fossil shells of the, 211
Superior, Lake. See Lake Superior.
Superposition, of successive formations,
causes of the, 26
-- proof of more recent origin, 35
-- exceptions in regard to volcanic
rocks, 36
-- no invariable order of, in Hypogene
formations, 375
Surface, different states of the, when the
secondary and tertiary strata were formed,
23
Switzerland, 'molasse' of, 212
Synclinal and anticlinal lines described -- see
wood-cut No. 68, 293
Syenites not distinguishable from granites,
358
Synoptical Table of Recent and Tertiary
Formations, 61
Syracuse, section at -- see diagram No. 5, 64
-- shells found in the limestone of, 65
-- range of inland cliffs seen to the north
of, 111
-- bones of extinct animals in caves
near, 140
-- list of fossil shells from -- Appendix
11., p. 54

Table-Mountain, Cape of Good Hope, intersected
by veins -- see wood-cut No.
85, 354
Tanaro, plains of the, 211
Taro, river, nature of the sediment deposited
by the, 161
Taunus, beds and large quartz veins found
in the mountains of the, 201
Tech, tertiary strata in the valley of the, 170
Ter, valley of the, 185
Teronel, river, lava excavated by the, 189
Terraces, manner in which the sea de
stroys successive lines of -- see wood-cut
No. 24, 111, 292
Terranuova, dip of the tertiary strata at, 74
Tertiary formations, general remarks on
the, 15
-- of the Paris basin, 16, 241
-- at first all referred to the age of those
of the Paris basin, 17, ] 9
-- origin of the European, at successive
periods, 18
-- of the sub-Apennine hills, 18
-- of Touraine, 20
-- of Bordeaux and Dax, 20
-- of Piedmont, 20
-- of the Valley of the Bormida, 21
-- of the Superga, near Turin, 21
-- of the basin of Vienna, 21
-- newer than the sub-Apennines, 21
-- the newest often blend with those of
the historical era, 22
-- different circumstances under which
these and the secondary formations may
have originated, 23, 329
-- state of the surface when they were
formed, 24
-- classification of, in chronological
order, 45
-- new subdivisions of the, 52
-- numerical proportion of recent shells
in different, 53, 54, 55, 58
-- mammiferous remains of successive,
59
--Synoptical Table of Recent and, 61
-- of Sicily, 63
-- of Campania, 118
-- of Chili and Peru, 130
-- of the West India Archipelago, 132
-- of the East India Archipelago, 133
-- of Norway and Sweden, 135
-- on the western borders of the Red
Sea, 135
-- identity of their mineral composition
no proof of contemporaneous origin, 161
-- of the Po, Arno, and Tiber, their resemblance,
161
-- at the base of the Maritime Alps, 164
--at the eastern extremity of the Pyrenees,
170
--in Spain, 170
-- in the Morea, 170
-- of England, 18, 19, 135, 171, 277
Tertiary formations, of Touraine, 20, 203
--of the basin of the Gironde and the
district of the Landes, 206
-- of Piedmont, 211
-- of Switzerland, 212
-- of Styria, Vienna, Hungary, &c., 212
-- of Volhynia and Podolia, 215
-- of Montpellier, 215
-- of Auvergne, 217, 226
-- of Velay, 219, 235
-- of the Orleanais, 219
-- of the Upper Val d'Arno, 219
-- of Cadibona, 221
-- of the Cantal, 236
-- of the Cotentin, or Valognes, 276
-- of Rennes, 276
-- of the Netherlands, 276
-- of Aix in Provence, 276
-- no species common to the secondary
and, 327
Testacea, fossil, of chief importance, 47
-- marine, wide range of, 44, 48
-- longevity of the species of, 48, 56
Tet, valley of the, tertiary strata found
in, 170
Thames, basin of the, 18
Theorizing in geology, different methods
of, I
Tiber, river, has flowed in its present
channel since the building of Rome, 138
-- yellow sand deposited by the, 161
-- valley of the, 139
Time, effects of prepossessions in regard to
the duration of past, 97
Touraine, tertiary strata of, 20, 203
-- and Paris, relative age of the tertiary
strata of-see diagram No.3, 20
-- fossil shells of -- see Tables, Appendix I.
Trachytic breccias and alluviums alternating
in Auvergne, 217
Transition formations, remarks on, 13
Transverse valleys in the North and South
Downs-see wood-cut No. 73, 298
-- remarks on their formation, 299
-- supposed section of one of them -- see
wood-cut No. 74, 300
Transylvania, tertiary formations of, 213
-- age of tile tertiary strata of, 215
-- volcanic rocks of, 223
-- fossil shells of -- see Tables, Appendix I.
Trap rocks, origin of the term, 360
-- of Scotland, how formed, 360
-- passage of, into granite, 361
Trass of the Rhine volcanos, 197
-- its origin, 198
Travertins of the valley of the Elsa, 137
-- of Rome, recent shells with the tusk
of the mammoth found in, 138
Trees, longevity of, 99, 272
Trezza, bay of, sub-Etnean formations exposed
in the, 78
-- proofs of sub-marine eruptions in the
78, 81
Trimmingham, manner in which the crag
strata rest on the chalk near -- see diagram
No. 30, 173
-- view of a promontory of chalk and
crag near -- see wood-cut No. 41, 179
-- section of the northern protuberance
of chalk at -- see wood-cut No. 42, 180
Tripolitza, plain of, breccias now forming
in the, 144
Tufa, calcareous, the hills of Rome capped
by, 138
-- tusk of the mammoth found in, near
Rome, 138
Tuff, dikes of, how formed, 70
-- in the hill of Novera -- see diagram
No. 8, 70
-- volcanic, recent shells in, near Naples,
126
-- shells found in, at great heights in
Ischia, 126
Turin, tertiary formations of, 211
-- fossil shells of -- see Tables, Appendix I.
Tuscany, fresh-water formations of, 137
-- age of the volcanic rocks of, 183

Uddevalla, elevated beaches of, 135
Unconformability of strata, remarks on
the, 30, 33
Universal formations, remarks on the
theory of, 38
Universality of red marl, remarks on the
supposed, 333
-- of certain hypogene rocks, 376
Upper marine formations of the Paris basin
how formed, 248

Val d'Arno, Upper, mineral character of
the lacustrine strata of the, 161
--fresh-water formations of the, 219
-- mammiferous remains of the, 220
Val del Bove, great valley on east side of
Etna -- see wood-cut No. 17, 83
-- its length, depth, &c., 84
-- description of the, 87
-- its circular form, 87
-- dikes numerous in the, 87
-- dip of the beds in the, 87
-- section of buried cones seen in, 88
-- difference in the dip of the beds
where these occur, 88
-- scenery of the, 88
-- form, composition, and origin of the
dikes in, 90
-- view of, from the summit of Etna -- see
wood-cut No. 22, 93
-- lavas and breccias of the, 93
-- origin of the, 95
-- floods in, caused by melting of snow
by lava, 96
Valdemone, formations of, 75
Val di Calanna, its crateriform shape, 85
-- dip of the beds in the, 85
Val di Calanna, its origin, 85
-- began to be filled up by lava in 1811
and 1819 -- see wood-cut No. 18, 86
Val di Noto, formations of the, 63
-- divisible into three groups -- see dia
gram No.5, 64
-- volcanic rocks of the, 63, 67
-- volcanic conglomerates of the, 73
-- proofs of the gradual accumulation of
the formations of the, 73
-- connexion of the formations of the,
with those at the base of Etna -- see
diagram No. 12, 76
-- form of the valleys in the limestone
districts of the, 110
--inland cliffs seen on the east side of,
111
-- igneous rocks of the, 361
-- fossil shells from the -- see Appendix
II., p. 53
Vale of Pewsey, 308
Valley of the Nadder, 308
-- of the Weald -- see Weald
Valleys, of elevation, 305
-- on Etna, account of, 83
-- of Sicily, their form -- see wood-cut
No. 23, 110
-- most rapidly excavated where earth.
quakes prevail, 113, 148
-- and parallel troughs between the
North and South Downs, how formed,
294
-- transverse, of the North and South
Downs, 298
-- how formed-see wood-cut No, 74,
300
-- and furrows on the chalk, how
caused, 311
-- of the South-east of England, how
formed, 319
Valmondois, rolled blocks of calcaire grossier
in the upper marine sandstone of,
249
Valognes, tertiary strata of the environs of,
276
-- fossil shells of -- see Tables, Appendix
I.
Van der Wyck, M., on the Eifel district,
201
Var, river, large quantities of gravel swept
into the sea by the, 168, 169
Vatican, hill of the, calcareous tufa on the,
138
Veaugirard, alternation of calcaire grossier
and plastic clay at, 244
Veins of lava on Etna -- see wood-cut No.
20, 91
Velay, bones of extinct quadrupeds in vol
canic scoriae in, 219
-- fresh-water formations of, 235
-- age of the volcanic rocks of, 224,
260, 262
Velay, ancient alluviums covered by lava
at different heights in, 262
Vertical and inclined strata, great line of,
from the Isle of Wight to Dieppe, 315,
Vesuvius, dikes of, 121
-- channels formed by the flowing of
lava from, in 1779, 122
-- and Somma, difference in their composition,
120
Vichy, tertiary oolitic limestone of, 232
-- dip of the lacustrine strata at, 233
Vienna, tertiary formations of, 21, 212
-- age of the tertiary strata of, 214
-- basin, fossil shells of the -- see Table,
Appendix I.
Vigolano, gypsum interstratified with sub-Apenuine
marls at, 159
Villasmonde, shells found in limestone at, 65
-- list of fossil shells from -- Appendix
II., 54
Villefranche, bay of, tertiary strata found
near the, 135
Vinegar river, sulphuric and muriatic acids,
and oxide of iron, in the waters of the,
252
Virlet, M., on the tertiary strata of the
Morea, 170
Viterbo, volcanic tuffs and sub-Apennine
marls alternating at, 159
-- age of the volcanic rocks of, 183
Viviani, Professor, on the character of the
Sicilian flora, 115
-- on the tertiary strata of Genoa, 166
Vizzini, junction of inclined tuff and horizontal limestone
near -- see diagram No.
8, 70
-- changes caused by a dike of lava in
argillaceous strata at, 70
-- a bed of oysters between two lava-currents
at, 73
Volcanic breccias in Auvergne, how
formed, 259
Volcanic conglomerates of the Val di Noto,
73
-- now forming on the shores of Catania
and Ischia, 73
Volcanic dikes, strata altered by, 70, 368
Volcanic district of Catalonia, superposition
of rocks in the -- see wood-cut No. 47,
192
Volcanic lines, modern, not parallel, 349
Volcanic region of Naples, changes which
it has undergone during the last 2000
years, 118
Volcanic rocks, distinction between sedi
mentary and, 10
-- relative age of, how determined, 36
-- of the Val di Noto, 68
-- of Campania, their age, 126
-- of central France, 257
-- secondary, of many different ages,
335
Volcanic rocks, distinction between plutonic
and, 359
Volcanos, mode of computing the age of
97
-- sometimes inactive for centuries, 98
-- of Olot, in Catalonia, described -- see
Frontispiece, 183
-- extinct, of Sardinia, 193
-- of the Lower Rhine and the Eifel,
193
-- the result of successive accumulation,
240
-- attempt to divide them into antediluvian
and post-diluvian, 268
Volhynia, tertiary formations of, 215
Voltz, M., on the loess of the Rhine, 151
Von Buch, M., on the Eifel, 201
-- on the tertiary formations of Volhynia
and Podolia, 215
-- on the general range of volcanic lines
over the globe, 349
Von Dechen, M., on the volcanic district of
the Lower Rhine, 201
-- on the Hartz mountains, 346
-- his objections to the theory of M. de
Beaumont, 346, 347
-- on the Cornish granite veins -- see
wood-cut No. 87, 355
Von Oeynhausen, his map of the Eifel district,
193
-- on the volcanic district of the Rhine
201
-- on the granite veins of Cornwall -- see
wood-cut No. 87, 355

Walton, section of shelly crag near -- see
wood-cut No. 31, 174
-- lamination of sand and loam near -- see
wood-cut No. 34, 175
Warburton, Mr., on the Bagshot sand 280
Watt, Gregory, his experiments on melted
rocks, 124, 372
Weald, denudation of the valley of the
285
-- secondary rocks of the, divisible into
five groups, 286
-- section of the valley of the -- see
wood-cuts Nos. 63 and 64, 287, 288
-- clay, its composition, 286
-- gradual rise and degradation of the
rocks of the, 289
-- alluvium of the valley of the, 295
-- extent of denudation in the valley of
the, 303, 313
Wealden, secondary group, called the, 325
-- organic remains of the, 325
-- its great extent and thickness, 329
-- how deposited, 329
Webster, Mr., on the geology of the Isle of
Wight, 18, 315
-- on the tertiary formations of the
London and Hampshire basins, 278, 280
Wellington Valley, Australia, breccias containing
remains of marsupial animals
found in, 143
West Indian Archipelago, tertiary formations
of the, 132
Wey, transverse valley of the, 298, 299
Whewell, Rev. W., 53
Wildon, thickness of the coralline limestone
of, 214
Wiltshire, valleys of elevation in, 308
Wily, valley of the, 308
Winds, ripple-marks caused by, on the
dunes near Calais -- see wood-cut No.
36, 176
Wrotham Hill, height of, 288

Yarmouth, thickness of crag in the cliffs
near, 172
Ytrac, fresh-water flints strewed over the
surface near, 237

Zaffarana, valleys extending from the summit
of Etna to the neighbourhood of,
83
Zocolaro, hill of, lava of Etna deflected
from its course by the-see wood-cut
No. 18, 86
Zoological provinces, great extent of, 40
Zoophytes, recent species of, but little
known, 47

THE END.

London: Printed by W. CLOWES, Stamford-street.
 

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