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INDEX
VOL. II.
ACQUIRED habits of animals rarely
transmissible, page 48.
Adige, its delta increased by the system
of embankment, 203.
lElian, on the breeding of elephants in
captivity, 46.
Africa, devastations caused by locusts
in, 137.
-- many species probably annihilated
by the advance of the sands of, 166.
-- dried carcasses of camels imbedded
in the deserts of, 235.
-- strata now forming off the coast
of, 282.
African desert, its area as compared to
the Mediterranean, 166.
Airthrey, a fossil whale found at, 279.
Algre, great depths at which some
species live, 72.
- may leave traces of their form in
calcareous mud, 278.
Alloa, whale cast ashore at, 278;
-- fossil whale found near, 279.
Alluvium, stalagmite found alternating
with in French caves, 222.
-- imbedding of organic remains
in, 228.
Alps, have been greatly raised during
the tertiary epoch, 308.
Alternations of marine and fresh-water
strata, how formed, 277.
America, specific distinctness of the animals
in, and those of the Old World,
66, 87.
__ domesticated animals have run
wild in, 28, 153.
-- rapid multiplication of domestic
quadrupeds in, 152.
-- number of plants common to the
Old World, and, 69.
-- number of square miles of useful
soil in, 155.
Andes, may have undergone great
changes of level in the last 6000
years, 265.
-- effects which it is said would result
from their sudden elevation, 279
Animal kingdom, theory of the uninterrupted
succession in the, 2.
Animal origin of limestone theory considered,
298.
Animal remains in caves and fissures
219.
Animals, Lamarck's theory of the production
of new organs in, 7.
-- imported into America have run
wild, 28.
-- aptitude of some kinds to domestication,
38.
-- hereditary instincts of, 39.
-- domestic qualities soon developed
in some, 47.
-- some of their qualities given with
a view to their connexion with man,
41, 44, 47.
-- their acquired habits rarely transmissible,
48.
-- changes in the brain of the feotus
in vertebrated, 62.
-- their agency in diffusing plants, 78.
-- their geographical distribution, 87.
-- different regions of indigenous, 88.
-- in islands, 90.
-- their powers of swimming, 92.
-- migrations of, 94.
-- their power of crossing the sea
very limited, 96.
-- causes which determine the stations
of, 130, 140.
-- influence of society in altering the
distribution of, 149.
-- migratory powers indispensable
to, 159.
-- manner in which they become
preserved in peat, 216.
-- remains of those most common in
peat mosses, 218.
-- most abundantly preserved where
earthquakes prevail, 230.
-- imbedded by floods in Scotland, 230.
-- imbedded by river inundations,
247·
-- found imbedded in Scotch marl
lakes, 251.
Animate creation, changes now in progress
in the, 1.
Antagonist powers, synchronism of their
action, 196.
Antiseptic property of peat, whence derived,
216.
Ants, their ravages in Grenada, 137.
Apennines, have been a vegetable centre
whence species diffused themselves, 178.
-- in great part elevated during the
tertiary epoch, 308.
Aphides, White's account of a shower
of, 114.
__ their rapid multiplication, 135.
-- ravages caused by, 136.
Aphonin, on the diffusion of man over
the globe, 117.
Apure, river, wild horses drowned in
great numbers by the annual floods of
the, 249.
Aquatic and terrestrial species, their reciprocal
influence, 138.
Aquatic species, imbedding of their remains
in subaqueous strata, 272.
Aqueous lavas ill Campania, seven persons
destroyed by, 236.
Arabian Gulf, rapidly filling with coral,
285.
Arctic region, on alterations of level in
the, 309.
Ass, the, has run wild in Quito, 153.
-- wild, account of their migrations
in Tartary, 95.
Astrea, genus, instrumental in the formation
of coral, 284.
Athabasca Lake, large shoal formed by
drift-wood in. 242.
Atlantic, absence of circular coral groups
in the, 291.
Aubenas, fissures filled with breccia
near, 220.
Augustin, St., on a plague caused by
locusts in Africa, 137.
Australia, the kangaroo and emu giving
way in, 1~0.
-- vegetation of, 178.
-- extent of coral reefs off the coast
of, 285.
Auvergne, tertiary deposits of, 304.
Baboon of Sumatra, trained to ascend
trees, 47.
Bacon, Lord, on the vicissitudes of
things, 271.
Baffin's Bay, marine animals found at
great depths in, 181.
Bakewell, Mr., on the formation of
soils, 188.
-- his account of the fall of Mount
Grenier, 229.
Bakie loch, charae found in a fossil state
in, 274.
Ballard, M., on changes which some
human bones have undergone, in
fourteen or fifteen centuries, 225.
Banks formed by drift sea-weed, 277.
Barbadoes, rain diminished by the felling of forests in, 200.
Barriers to the distribution of species,
remarks on, 172.
Barrow, Mr., his account of a bank
formed in the sea by the bodies of
locusts, 138.
Barton, Mr., on the agency of insects in
the fructification of plants, 54.
-- on the geography of plants, 67.
Baumhauer, Mr., his account of a violent
river-flood in Java, 250.
Bears, once numerous in Wales, 149.
-- black, migrate in great numbers, 94.
Beaver, once an inhabitant of Scotland
and Wales, 149.
-- remains of the, found in shell·
marl, in Perthshire, 251-
Bee, number of instincts of the, 58.
Beechey, Captain, on the drifting of
canoes in the Pacific, 120.
-- on the buried temple of Ipsambul,
234.
-- on the rate of the growth of coral
in the Pacific, 287.
-- on the situation of the channels
into the lagoons of coral islands, 293.
-- on the superior height of the
windward side of coral islands, 293.
-- his description of Elizabeth or
Henderson's Island, 297.
__ on recent changes of level in the
Pacific, 298.
Belcher, Captain, on the strata now
forming in the 8ea off the coast of
Africa, 282.
Belzoni, on the buried temple of Ipsambul,
234.
-- his account of a flood on the Nile,
253.
Berkely, on the recent origin of man,
270.
Bewick, on the great geographical range
of some birds, 101.
-- on the distribution of the bustard
in England, 150.
Bhooi, volcanic eruption at, during
Cutch earthquake, 238.
Bigsby, Dr., on the North American
lakes, 275.
Birds, diffusion of plants by, 80.
-- geographical distribution of, 100.
-- some species very local, 100.
-- their powers of diffusion, 101.
-- periodical migrations of, 101.
-- great range of some species, 101.
-- rate of the flight of, 102.
-- frequently overtaken by hurricanes,
102.
-- their agency in the distribution of
fish, 106.
-- many species of, unremittingly
persecuted, 149.
Birds, recent extermination of some
species of, 150.
-- bones of in Gibraltar breccia, 223.
-- rarity of their remains in Dew
strata, 246.
Bisons, immense herds of, in the Mississippi valley, 93.
Bize, human remains found mixed with
extinct mammalia in a cave at, 224.
Black cattle, their rapid multiplication
in South America, 152.
Black Sea, marine tertiary strata found
near the, 307.
Blavier, M., on the peat at the mouth
of the Loire, 211.
Bloomfield, bursting of a peat moss
near, 218.
Blown sand, imbedding of organic remains,
&c. in, 234.
Boa constrictor, account of one conveyed
to St. Vincent's on drift-wood,
104.
Boates, Dr., on Irish peat-bogs, 211.
Boblaye, M., on the formation termed
ceramique, in the Morea, 233.
Bog iron ore, whence derived, 214.
Bonaparte, C., on the birds common to
Rome and Philadelphia, 101.
Bonelli, Professor, on the migrations of
the painted lady butterfly, 113.
Bonpland, on the plants common to the
old and new world, 69.
Bordeaux, timber destroyed by a beetle
introduced by commerce at, 122.
Borneo, the orang-outang taught to
ascend trees by the inhabitants of, 47.
Boston, a narwal found buried in mud
on the beach near, 278.
Botanical geography, 67.
Botanical provinces, their number, 71.
-- how caused, 125.
-- why not more blended together, 127.
Bothnia, gulf of, its extent formerly
much greater, 307.
Boyne, a large whale stranded at, 278.
Brand, Rev. J. F., on the birth-place of
man, 117.
British vessels, average number wrecked
annually, 254, 257.
-- durable nature of many of their
contents, 256, 257.
British coasts, cetacea frequently stranded
on the, 278.
Brittany, a village in, buried under
blown sand, 235.
-- marine tertiary strata of, 305.
Brocchi, his remarks on the extinction
of species, 128.
Broderip, Mr., on the agency of Ianthina
fragilis, in disseminating other
species, 108.
Broderip, Mr., some large bulimi restored
to life after twenty months'
abstinence, by, 109.
Bromberg, a vessel and two anchors dug
up near, 260.
Brongniart, M., his discovery of recent
shells at considerable heights in
Sweden, 306.
Brown, Mr., on the plants common to
Africa, Guiana, and Brazil, 76.
-- on the vegetation of New Holland,
178.
Buckland, Dr., on animal remains in
caves, 219.
-- on the remains of recent quadrupeds
in fissures, 220.
-- on stalagmite of caves, 222.
-- on human remains in caves, 223.
-- on the organic remains in the cave
of Paviland, 223.
Buffaloes destroyed in great numbers
by a river flood in .Java, 250.
Buffon, on the want of specific identity
in the animals of the Old and New
World, 66.
-- on the geographical distribution of
animals, 87.
-- on the check which the increase of
one animal offers to that of another,
154.
-- his remarks on the gradual extinction
of species, 176.
Buildings submerged without being
thrown down, examples of, 266, 269.
Bura and Helice, submerged Grecian
towns, 269.
Burckhardt, buried temple of Ipsambul,
discovered by, 234.
-- his account of the carcasses of
camels in the Libyan sands, 235.
Burnes, Lieut. A., his account of the
effects of the earthquake of Cutch,
1819, 266.
Burnt island, whale cast ashore near, 278.
Burrampooter, bodies of men, deer, &c.,
conveyed to the sea by the floods of
the, 250.
Burringdon, human remains found in a
cave at, 223.
Burrowing shells secure from the ordinary
action of the waves, 280.
Bustards recently extirpated in England,
150.
Bywell, bodies washed out of the
churchyard of, by floods, 254.
Cabbages, examples of deviation from
a common type shown ill different
races of, 33.
Cachalots, a herd of stranded at Kairston,
in Orkney, 278.
Caemarvonshire, recent discovery of
tertiary strata in, 305.
Calabria, animals how preserved in alluvium
in, 230.
-- animals engulphed in fissures in,
231.
Calcareous marl of the Scotch lakes,
shells found in the, 272.
Calcareous formations of the Pacific,
probably all stratified, 294.
-- their great extent, 298.
Calcareous matter, the theory that it is
on the increase controverted, 300.
Caldera of the isle of Palma, ravine in
the, how formed, 292.
Callao, recent changes of level caused by
earthquakes in, 265.
Camels, the carcasses of imbedded in
drift-sand, 235.
Campania, people destroyed by aqueous
lavas in, 236.
Campbell, Mr., on the migration of
quaggas in South Africa, 95.
Camper, on the gradation in intellect as
shown by the facial angle, 60.
Cannon inclosed in calcareous rock
taken up from the delta of the Rhone,
262.
- account of one taken up near the
Downs, 262.
Canoes full of men and women drifted
to great distances, 119.
-- eight found in draining Martin
Meer, Lancashire, 260.
-- several found in Loch Doon, 261.
Cape Langaness, drift-wood abundant
at, 244.
Carcasses of camels in ~rift-sand, 235.
Caryophyllia, coral formed by the genus,
284.
Caspian, on the level of the, 163.
Caspian and Black Sea formerly connected
by straits, 100.
Castle, Mr., on the ravages of ants in
Grenada, 137.
Catalonia, devastation caused by torrents
in, 199.
Catania, part of the town of overflowed
by lava, 236.
-- tools discovered in digging a well
at, 259.
Catastrophes, remarks on general, 161.
Caterpillars, ravages caused by some
kinds, 136.
Catodon, Ray's account of a large one
stranded in Holland, 278.
-- a herd of them stranded in Orkney,
278.
Caverns, organic remains in, may, in
some cases, have fallen through fissures,
221.
Caves, organic remains in, 219.
-- preserved by sediment introduced
by land-floods, 221.
-- alternations of sediment and stalagmite in some, 222.
-- Dr. Buckland on human remains
in, 223, 227.
-- marine and terrestrial shells of
eatable species found in, 224.
Caves, works of art found at a depth of
twenty feet at, 259.
Central India, buried cities in, 237.
Ceramiqne, account of the formation
termed, 233.
Cetacea, their geographical range, 91.
-- migrations of the, 99.
-- identity of those found in the
Mediterranean and Caspian Seas, 99.
-- imbedding of their remains in
recent strata, 278.
-- often stranded on low shores
during storms, 278.
-- their remains should be more frequent
in marine alluvium than those
of land quadrupeds, 279.
Chagos isles, their linear direction, 286.
-- openings into them in the opposite
direction to the prevailing wind, 293.
Chalk of the north and south downs
elevated after the commencement of
the tertiary era, 305.
Chama gigas, time which it requires to
attain its full growth, 287.
-- found in the Pacific completely
overgrown by coral, 287.
Chamisso, M., on the formation of coral
islands, 284.
Channel into the lagoons of coral
islands, how formed, 292.
Chara hispida, it. structure described,
see wood-cuts, No.2 and 3, 273, 274.
Charae, fossilized in the lakes of Forfarshire,
273.
Chockier, three alterations of stalagmite
and alluvium in a cave at, 222.
Christol, M. de, on human remains, &c.
in caves, with extinct quadrupeds,
224.
Climate, its influence on the distribution
of plants, 68.
-- effect of alterations in, on the distribution
of species, 169.
-- its influence in causing one species
to give way before another, 172.
-- influence of vegetation on, 200.
-- on the alteration which changes in
physical geography may have caused
in, 308.
Coal, formation of, at the mouths of the
Mackenzie, 242.
Coiron, land shells in breccia at, 220.
Colebrooke, Major R. H., on the formation
of new islands in the Ganges, 203.
Columella, on the breeding of elephants
in captivity, 46.
Conception, changes of level caused by
earthquakes at, 265.
Cones formed on Etna in 1819 and
1811 (see frontispiece), 304.
Conservative influence of vegetation,
198.
Cook, Captain, on the diffusion of nutmeg
seeds by pigeons, 80.
-- on the drifting of canoes to great
distances, 119.
Cook, Captain S. E., examined Brittany
with the author, 306.
Coral, rate of the growth of, in the
Pacific, 287.
-- its growth probably varies according to
the sites of mineral springs, 287.
-- found between two lava currents
in the West Indies, 294.
Coral animals, their action compared to
plants which generate peat, 283.
-- MM. Quoy and Guimard on the
depth at which they live, 286.
Coral islands, formation of, 284.
-- linear direction of, see wood-cut
No. 4, 286.
-- origin of the form of, 288.
-- two sections explaining their form,
see diagrams Nos. 6 and 7, 290.
-- many probably the crests of submarine
volcanos. 290.
-- their windward side higher and
more perfect than the other, 293.
Coral reefs, formation of, 283.
-- great beds of oysters, &c., found
on, in the Pacific, 283.
-- genera of zoophytes by which they
are constructed, 284.
-- their extent, 285, 295, 298.
-- linear direction of, 286.
-- rapidity of the growth of, 287.
-- the most extensive formation now
in progress, 298.
Cornwall, ruins of buildings found in
the drift-sand of, 235.
Corse, Mr., on the habits, &c.of the elephant,
46.
Cowslip, Linnaeus on the varieties of
the, 34.
Crantz, on the drift-wood of the North
Sea, 244.
Creation, supposed centres, or foci, of
126.
Crocodile taken in the Rhone, 104.
Crocodiles imbedded by a river inundation
in Java, 246.
Currents, distribution of drift-timber
by, 245.
Curtis, Mr., on the ravages caused by
aphides, 136.
Curtis, Mr. John, on the power of the
tipulae to cross the sea, 116.
-- on insects in marl, 245.
Cutch, effects of the earthquake of, in
1819, 265.
Cuvier on the variability in the same
species, 25.
-- on the varieties of the dog, 27.
-- on identity of Egyptian mummies
with living species, 30.
-- on the migrations of the Springbok, 95.
-- on the extinction of the Dodo, 151.
-- on the durability of the bones of
men, 258.
Cuvier, M. F., on the aptitude of some
animals to domestication, 38.
-- on the influence of domestication,
41.
Cypris found completely fossilized in
Scotch marl lakes, 275.
-- not uncommon in ponds in England,
275.
Dangerfield, Captain F., on buried cities
in Central India, 238.
Daubeney, Dr., his discovery of nitrogen
in mineral springs, 189.
Davy, Sir H., on the occurrence of gypsum
in peat, 210.
-- his objection to the theory of the
gradual civilization of man, 117.
-- on the perishable nature of the
works of man, 27t.
Davy, Dr., on the changes which a
helmet taken up from the sea near
Corfu had undergone, 263.
Decandolle, his opinion respecting hybrid
plants, 56.
-- on the distribution of plants, 68, 71.
-- on the agency of man in the dispersion
of plants, 82.
-- On the causes of stations of plants,
131.
-- on the barriers which separate distinct
botanical provinces, 177.
Decandolle, M. Alph., on the number of
botanical provinces, 71.
Deer, their powers of swimming, 92.
-- formerly very abundant in Scotland,
149.
-- abundance of their remains in the
Scotch marl lakes, 251.
Deguer on remains of ships, &c., in the
Dutch peat mosses, 219.
Degradation of land, caused by rain,
199.
De la Beche, M., on the action of rain
in the tropics, 200.
De la Beche, M., on the drifting of the
lighter parts of plants to sea by hurricanes,
244.
-- his remarks on the subsidence at
Port Royal, 269.
-- on the coral formations of the West
Indian seas, 291.
-- on the alternation of coral and lava
in the Isle of France, 295.
Delametherie, speculative views of, 11.
Delille, wheat found in the Egyptian
tombs by, 31.
-- on the native country of the common
wheat, 31.
Delta of the Ganges, alternations of marine
and fresh-water strata formed in
the, 277.
-- of the Indus, recent elevation and
depression of the, 277.
-- of the Rhone, cannon inclosed in
calcareous rock taken up from the,
262.
De Luc on the conversion of forests into
peat mosses, 214.
Denudation caused by rain, 199.
Desert of Africa, its area as compared
to that of the Mediterranean, 166.
Desjardin, M., bones of the dodo found
fossil under lava by, 151.
Dikes numerous in the Val del Hove,
Etna, 303.
Disappointment Islands, connected with
Duff's group by coral reefs, 295.
Dislocations of strata, ancient and modern,
remarks on, 195.
Distribution of species, effect of changes
in physical geography on the, 160.
-- effect of changes in climate on,
169.
Dodo, on the recent extinction of the,
150.
Dog, varieties of the, 26.
-- its distinctness from the wolf, 27.
-- hybrids between the wolf and, 51.
Dogs, Lamarck on the numerous races
of, 7.
__ examples of acquired instincts becoming
hereditary in, 39.
-- have run wild in America, 153.
-- goats in Juan Fernandez destroyed
by, 154.
Domestic qualities soon developed in
some animals, but wholly denied to
others, 47.
Domestication, aptitude possessed by
some animals to, 38.
-- influence of, 41.
Dominica, a bed of coral found between
two lava currents in, 294.
Downham, part of the town of, overwhelmed
by blown sand, 235.
Downs, account of a cannon taken up
from the sea near the, 262.
Drift sea-weed, large banks formed by,
277.
Drift wood, a boa constrictor conveyed
to St. Vincent's on, 104.
-- on the imbedding of, 241.
-- abundant in the North Sea, 244.
-- conveyed in all directions by cur·
rents, 245.
Drumlanrig forest overturned by the
wind in 1756, 212.
Duff's group, these islands connected
with Diappointment islands by coral
reefs, 295.
Dulverton, pigs found entire in digging a
well at, 216.
Duncombe Park, bones of recent quadrupeds
found in a fissure in, 220.
Dureau de la Malle, M., on the changes
caused by man in different races of
dogs, 2ft
-- on the aptitude of some animals to
domestication, 38.
Dutch peat-mosses, remains of ships,
&c., found in, 219.
Dutch vessel found in the old channel of
the river Rother, 260.
Earth's surface, effects produced by the
powers of vitality on the, 185.
-- permanent modifications produced
by the action of animal and vegetable
life on the, 209.
Earthquakes, animals most abundantly
preserved where they prevail, 230.
-- ravages caused by the waves of the
sea on low coasts during, 232.
-- in Sicily, 1693, several thousand
people entombed at once in caverns,
during, 232.
-- effects of the submersion of land
by, 264.
-- their effects often unheeded, 267.
-- their effects in imbedding cities
and forests, 268.
-- in the Pacific, 297.
Edrom, remains of the beaver found
in the parish of, 251.
Edwards, his account of the destruction
of the town of Savanna la Mar, 233.
Egypt, cities and towns buried under
drift sand in, 234.
Egyptian mummies identical with species
still living, 28.
Eider-ducks destroyed by a fox drifted
on ice to the island of Vidoc, 145.
Ekmark, on the diffusion of plants by
birds, 80.
Elephants, their sagacity not attributable
to their intercourse with man, 46.
Elephants will breed in captivity, 46.
-- their powers of swimming, 92.
Elevation, effects which would result in
some places from partial, 163.
-- recent, in the delta of the Indus,
266.
-- and subsidence, effects of alternate,
307.
Elizabeth, or Henderson's Island described-
see wood-cuts No. 8 and 9,
296, 297.
Elk Island, with 700 quadrupeds, swept
away by a river-flood in Virginia, 250.
Emu in Australia will become exterminated,
150.
Equilibrium among plants kept up by
insects, 132.
Eschscholtz's bay, cliffs consisting of ice
and vegetable mould in, 194.
Escrinet, Pass of, conglomerate now
forming at, 221.
Estuaries, imbedding of fresh-water
species in, 275.
-- description of the manner in which
they become filled up, 276.
Etna, fourteen towns and villages covered
at once by the lava of, 236.
-- general dip of the volcanic beds of,
303.
-- lava currents of 1819 and 1811,
on, 304.
-- recent cones formed on, 304.
Extermination of species, no prerogative
of man, 156.
Extinction of species, successive, part of
the economy of nature, 168, 176.
Facial angle, on the gradation in intellect, as shown by the, 60.
Ferussac on the distribution of fresh.
water molluscs, 108.
Finland, Gulf of, its connexion with the
White Sea, 306.
Fish, their geographical distribution,
105.
-- migrations of, 106.
-- agency of birds and water-beetles
on their distribution, 106.
Fissures, preservation of organic remains
in, 220, 231.
-- on their communication with caverns,
221.
Fleming, Dr., on the rapid flight of
birds, 102.
__ his account of turtles taken on the
coast of England, 104.
-- on the changes in the animal kingdom,
caused by the increase of human
population, 148.
-- his account of the stranding of cetacea
on the British coasts, 278;
Flinders, a reef of coral 350 miles long,
described by, 285.
Floating islands within the tropics, animals
transported by, 97.
Floods in Scotland, 1794, 248.
-- 1829, 249.
Forests, degradation of land increased
by their destruction, 198.
-- rain diminished by the felling of,
200.
-- of America, cause of their position,
201.
-- sites of many ancient ones now
covered by peat, 206, 211.
-- sometimes overturned by storms,
212.
-- in Germany destroyed by insects,
206.
-- submarine, remarks on their formation,
268.
Forfarshire Lakes, shell marl deposits,
how formed in the, 272, 299.
-- charae found fossilized in the-see
wood-cuts No.2 and 3, 273, 274.
-- skeletons of animals numerous in
the, 251.
Formation of coral reefs, 283.
Fort of Sindree, subsidence of, in 1819,
266.
-- not thrown down by the earthquake,
266. .
Forth, effects of a storm in its estuary,
Feb. 1831, 280.
Fourcroy on the occurrence of iron in
all compact woods, 215.
Fox man-of-war, changes which some
articles, thrown up from the wreck of
the, had undergone in 33 years, 262.
France, human bones and works of art
found with extinct quadrupeds, in
the south of, 224.
-- number of ships of war lost during
the last war with, 256.
Franklin, on a whirlwind in Maryland,
74.
Fresh-water formations, recent, not yet
examined, in the tropics, 275.
-- the variety of species of testacea
but small in, 277.
Fresh-water and marine strata, alternations
of, how formed in the delta of
the Ganges, 277.
Freshwater plants and animals, imbedding
of their remains in subaqueous
strata, 272, 275.
Fries, on the dispersion of cryptogamic
plants, 76.
Frisi, on the conservative influence of
vegetation, 198.
Frogs, conveyed to the sea in great numbers by floods, in Morayshire, 246.
Frontispiece described, 303.
Gaimard, M., on the depth at which
the zoophytes, that form coral, live,
286.
Gambier Island, its windward side highest,
293.
Gambier's group, rate of the growth of
coral in, 287.
-- volcanic rocks found in the lagoons
of, 291.
Gamma moth, ravages caused by the caterpillars
of the, 136.
Ganges, islands formed by the, 203.
-- bodies of men, deer, and oxen conveyed
to the sea by the floods of the,
250.
-- bones of men found in the delta of
the, 258.
-- alternations of marine and freshwater
strata, how formed in its delta,
277.
Gases, two of different gravities, will become
uniformly diffused, 188.
Genera, Linnaeus on their real existence,
19.
Geographical distribution of specie~, on
the laws which regulate the, 66.
Geographical distribution of plants, 67.
-- of animals, 87.
-- of cetacea, 91.
Geography of plants, 67.
Geological causes divisible into two great
classes, 209.
Gerard, M., on the peat of the valley of
the Somme, 219.
Germany, forests destroyed by insects
in, 206.
Gibraltar, birds' bones found in breccia
at, 223.
-- and Ceuta, shelly strata forming
at great depths between, 281.
Gmelin on the agency of birds in the
distribution of fish, 106.
Goats, rapid multiplication of, in South
America, 153.
-- in Juan Fernandez, destroyed by
dogs, 154.
Godman on the migrations of the reindeer,
97.
Graves, Lieut., some bulimi brought to
England by, recovered after twenty
months' abstinence, 109.
-- on the diffusion of insects by the
wind, 115.
Graves, Mr., on the distribution of the
bustard, 150.
Greenland, timber drifted to the shores
of, 244.
Grenada, sugar-canes destroyed by ants
in, 137.
Greville, Dr., on some remarkable accumulations
of drift sea-weed, 78.
Guadaloupe, human skeletons imbedded
in calcareous rock in the island of,
259.
Guilding, Rev. L., his account of the
arrival of a boa constrictor in St. Vincent's,
on drift wood, 104.
Guldenstadt, on the distinctness of the
dog and wolf, 28.
Gulf of Bothnia, its extent formerly
much greater, 307.
Gulf of Finland, its geological connexion
with the White Sea, 306.
Gulf-stream, great area over which
plants are drifted by the, 76, 243.
Gull-stream, account of a cannon taken
up in the, 262.
Gun-barrel, with shells attached, found
in the sands near St. Andrew's, 263.
Gypsum, Sir H. Davy on its occurrence
in peat, 210.
Gyrogonite, or petrified seed-vessel of
charae, described-see wood-cut No.2,
273.
Habitations of plants described, 69.
Habits of animals, when acquired rarely
transmissible, 48.
Hamilton, Sir Charles, on the submerged
buildings of Port Royal, 269.
Happisborough, remarks on the so-called
submarine forest of, 268.
Harris, Hon. A., on the effects of the
foundering of a vessel off Poole harbour,
260.
Hatfield moss, trees of vast size found
in, 213.
Helice and Bura, submerged Grecian
towns, 269.
Helix, extensive range of some species
of, 109.
-- some species of very local, 109.
Helmet, changes which one taken up
from the sea near Corfu, had undergone,
263.
Henderson on the drifting of the polar
bear to Iceland, 143.
Henderson's Island described-see woodcuts
No. 8 and 9, 296, 297.
Henslow, Rev. Prof., his experiments
on the cowslip, 35.
-- on the diffusion of plants by birds, 80.
Herbert, Hon. Mr., on some remarkable
varieties in plants, from a common
stock, 34.
-- his experiments on the cowslip, 34.
-- on hybrid plants, 56.
Herschell, Mr., his remarks on a change
of climate, 309.
Hilaire. M. Goof. St., on the uninterrupted succession in the animal
kingdom,
2.
Hoff, M. Von, on human remains in the
delta of the Ganges, 258.
-- his account of a buried vessel between
Bromberg and Nakel, 260.
Hogs, rapid multiplication of, in South
America, 153.
Holland, the teredo navalis brought by
ships to, 122.
-- submarine peat found in, 278.
- a large cachalot stranded on the
west coast of, in 1598, 278.
Hooker, Dr., on the drifting of a fox on
ice, 145.
Horsburgh, Capt., his description of the
Maldiva Islands, 285.
-- on the situation of the channels
into the lagoons of coral islands, 293.
Horses, the amble hereditary in some,
44.
-- numerous, in a wild state in Mississippi
valley, 152.
-- wild, annually drowned in great
numbers in South America, 249.
Horsfield, Dr., on the distribution of the
Mydaus meliceps in Java, 95.
Horticulture, changes in plants produced
by, 32.
Human bones, changes which some have
undergone in fourteen or fifteen centuries,
225.
Human remains in peat mosses, 215.
-- in caves, 223.
- their durability, 258.
-- found in the delta of the Ganges,
258.
-- found in calcareous rock at Guadaloupe,
259.
Humboldt on the training of monkeys
to ascend trees, 47.
-- on the distribution of species, 67.
-- on the plants common to the Old
and New World, 69.
-- on the distribution of animals, 88.
-- on the periodical migrations of American water-fowl, 102.
-- on the drifting of insects by the
wind in the Andes, 114.
-- on the rapid multiplication of domestic
quadrupeds in America, 152.
-- on the comparative size of the
African desert and the Mediterranean,
166.
-- origin of beings said by him not to
belong to zoological geography, 179.
-- his account of the annual drowning
of wild horses in South America,
by river floods, 249.
Humming-birds peculiar to the New
World, 100.
Humming-birds, found by Captain King
in the Straits of Magellan, in the
depth of winter, 100.
-- some species very local, 100.
Hunter, John. on mule animals, 50.
-- on the identity of the dog, wolf,
and jackal, 50.
Hunter, Mr., his account of the buried
city of Oujein, 237.
Huron, Lake, strata containing recent
shells, found on the shores of, 275.
Hurricanes, many of them connected
with submarine earthquakes, 232.
-- leaves of plants drifted out to sea
by, 244.
Huttonian theory, remarks on the,
196.
Hybrid races, Lamarck on the origin of,
10.
Hybrids, phenomena of, 49.
-- sometimes prolific, 49.
-- John Hunter's opinion on, 50.
-- not strictly intermediate between
the parent species, 51.
-- between the dog and wolf, 51.
-- among plants prolific through several
generations, 52.
-- rare among plants in a wild state,
54.
-- difficulties attending their propagation,
59.
Hydrangea hortensis, influence of soil
on the colour of its petals, 34.
Hydrophytes, distribution of, 72, 78.
Ianthina fragilis, its extensive
range,
108.
-- an active agent in disseminating
other species, 108.
Icebergs, plants transported by, 77.
Ice-floes, drifting of animals on, 97.
Iceland, the polar bear frequently drifted
from Greenland to, 143.
-- rein-deer imported into, 154.
Igneous action, remarks on its intensity
at different epochs, 194.
Igneous causes, the real antagonist power
to the action of running water, 194.
Imbedding of organic remains in deposits
on emerged land, 209.
-- in peat mosses, 215.
-- in caves and fissures, 219.
-- in alluvium, and the ruins caused
by landslips, 228.
-- in volcanic formations on the land,
236.
-- in subaqueous deposits, 239.
-- by river inundations, 247.
-- in recent marl-lakes in Scotland,
251.
Imperieuse, coral reef, 294.
Imrie, Major, on the Gibraltar breccia,
223.
India, buried cities in Central, 237.
Indians of North America will become
exterminated, 175.
Indus, recent alterations of level in its
delta, 265, 277.
Inorganic causes, their influence in
changing the habitations of species,
158.
Insects, the fructification of plants
greatly assisted by, 54.
-- geographical distribution of, 112.
-- migrations of, 113.
-- certain types of, distinguish particular
countries, 114.
-- diffused by the wind, 115.
-- disseminated by animals, birds,
river-floods, &c., 116.
-- power of some kinds of to cross the
sea, 116.
-- destructive to timber, introduced
by commerce, 122.
-- parasitic, 122.
-- their numbers kept down by other
insects, 133.
-- peculiarity of their agency in preserving
an equilibrium of species, 134.
-- rapid propagation of some kinds of,
135.
-- imbedding of the remains of, 245.
-- only preserved under peculiar circumstances,
246.
Instincts of the bee, fi8.
Instincts, migratory, occasional development
of in animals, 93.
-- new ones, which have become hereditary
in some animals, 39.
-- modified by domestication, 44.
Ipsambul, buried temple of, 234.
Ireland, tradition of the destruction of
the reptiles of, by St. Patrick, 103.
-- its flora but little known, 103.
-- area covered by peat in, 211.
-- trees of great size found in the peat
of, 212.
-- human body found in peat in, 215.
-- cattle lost in great numbers in the
bogs of, 217.
-- testacea found living at great
depths off the N. W. coast of, 282.
Iron, common in all compact woods,
215.
-- ore in peat, whence derived, 214.
-- instruments, account of some taken
up from the bottom of the sea, incased
in conglomerate, 262.
Islands, vegetation of, 70, 227.
-- the migration of plants aided by,
77.
-- animals found in, 90.
Islands of the Pacific, animals found in,
90.
-- coral, manner in which they are
formed, 284.
-- of drift wood, with trees growing
on them, discovered at sea, 98.
Isle of France, alternation of coral and
lava seen in the, 295.
Isthmus of Sleswick, action of the sea on
the, 165.
-- effects which would result from its
destruction, 165.
Italian peninsula, in great part elevated
since present marine species were in
being, 178.
Jamaica, seeds drifted to Europe
from,
76.
-- subsidence in the harbour of Port
Royal in, 161, 264.
-- rain diminished in, by the felling
of forests, 200.
-- a town in, swept away by the sea,
233.
James, Mr., on the herds of bisons in the
Mississippi Valley, 93.
Java, imbedding of the remains of reptiles
in, 246.
-- animals destroyed by river-floods
in, 250.
John de Mayen, drift wood on the
island of, 244.
Juan Fernandez, goats destroyed by
dogs in, 154.
Kamtschatka, migrations of rats in, 94.
Kangaroo is giving way before the progress
of society in Australia, 150.
Keith on the dispersion of seeds by rivers
and torrents, 76.
King, Mr., on the number of cattle lost
in bogs in Ireland, 217.
-- his account of a cannon taken up
from the Downs, 262.
King, Capt. P., on the coral reefs of
New Holland, 285, 294.
Kinnordy, Loch of, remains of insects
found in marl in the, 245.
Kirby, Rev. Mr., on the instincts of the
bee, 58.
-- on the distribution of insects, 113.
-- on the dissemination of insects by
river-floods, 116.
-- on the rapid propagation of some
insects, 135.
-- on the devastations caused by ants
in Grenada, 137.
Knight, Mr., on the wearing out of garden
varieties of fruit, 33.
Kolreuter, his experiments on hybrids,
between two species of tobacco, 52.
Konig, Mr., on the rock in which the
human skeletons from Guadaloupe are
imbedded, 259.
Kotzebue, his account of a canoe drifted
1500 miles, 119.
-- on the formation of coral islands,
284.
Krantz on the migrations of seals, 99.
Labrador, drift timber carried to the
shores of, 244.
Laccadive Islands, their linear direction,
285.
Lacepede on identity of Egyptian mummies
with living species, 30.
Lagoons of coral islands, volcanic rocks
sometimes found in them, 291.
-- cause of the narrow opening into
the, 291.
-- the entrances into them always on
the leeward side, 293.
Lake, formed by subsidence in the delta
of the Indus, 1819, 266.
-- has become more salt than the sea,
267.
Lakes of North America, animals inhabiting
them would be destroyed if
they were drained, 168.
-- strata containing recent shells
formed by the, 275.
Lamantine cast ashore near Leith, 278.
Lamarck, his definition of the term species, 3.
-- his theory of the transmutation of
species, 3.
-- on the origin of the cultivated
wheat, 6.
-- on the numerous races of dogs,
7.
-- on the production of new organs
in animals, 7.
-- on the origin of hybrid races, 10.
-- his theory of progressive development,
11.
-- his definition of Nature, 13.
-- on the conversion of the orangoutang
into the human species, 14.
__ on identity of Egyptian mummies
with living species, 30.
-- answer to his objection as to the
native country of wheat, 31.
-- on the power of species to modify
their organization, 169, 173.
-- on the abundance of polyps in the
ocean, 181.
Lamouroux on the distribution of hydrophytes,
72.
Lancashire, eight canoes found in draining a lake in, 260.
-- recent discovery of a bed of tertiary shells in, 306.
Land has increased in the northern hemisphere
since the commencement of
the tertiary era, 307.
Landslips, imbedding of organic remains
in the ruins caused by, 229.
-- villages and their inhabitants buried by, 229.
Lapland, migrations of squirrels in, 94.
Latham on the great geographical range
of some birds, 101.
Latreille on the geographical distribution of insects, 112.
Lauder, Sir T. D, his account of pigs
swimming to great distances, 92.
-- his account of the number of frogs
carried down to the sea by the floods
in Morayshire, 246, 249.
-- on the imbedding of animals by
floods in Scotland, 230.
Lava currents, of 1819 and 1811, of
Etna, described - see Frontispiece,
304.
Lawrence on the causes which enable
man to live in all climates, 62.
Leigh, his account of canoes found in
draining Martin Meer, 260.
Lemings of Scandinavia migrate in vast
numbers, 94.
Lesley on the former abundance of deer
in Scotland, 149.
Lesueur on the geographical distribution
of fish, 105.
-- on the distribution of zoophytes,
111.
Lewes, state of some human bones found
in a tumulus near, 225.
-- estuary of the Ouse recently filled
up near, 275.
-- Levels, indusia found in the blue
clay of, 245.
Lichens, height at which they can grow,
75.
Lignite, wood probably converted into,
more rapidly under great pressure,
261.
Limestone, the theory that it is all of
animal origin, considered, 298.
Lindley on the dispersion of cryptogamic
plants, 75.
Linear direction of coral islands, 286.
Linnaeus on the constancy of species, 3.
-- on the real existence of genera in
nature, 19,
-- on the distribution of seeds by animals,
79.
-- on the diffusion of plants by man,
83.
-- on the original introduction of
species, 123.
Lisbon, subsidence of the quay at, 19r,
264.
Lloyd's lists, number of vessels wrecked
between 1793 and 1829, as shown by,
257.
Loch Doon, seven canoes found in, 261.
Loch Fithie, why no marl formed in,
299.
Loch Marlie, remains of the beaver found
in, 251.
Loch of Kinnordy, remains of insects
found in marl in the, 245.
Locusts, devastations caused by, 137.
-- a great bank formed in the sea by
their dead bodies, 138.
London basin, tertiary deposits of the,
305.
Louch, M., on the migration of the
painted lady butterfly, 114.
Lowe, Mr., on the land-mollusca of
Madeira and Porto Santo, 109.
Lybian sands, caravans overwhelmed by
the, 235.
Lyon, Capt., on the imbedding of the
carcasses of camels in the African
sands, 235.
Macculloch, Dr., on the gradation from
peat to coal, 211.
-- on the occurrence of tannin in
peat, 216.
-- his theory that all limestone is of
animal origin considered, 298.
Mackenzie, Sir G., on the importation
of the rein-deer into Iceland, 154.
Mackenzie river, accumulation of vegetable
matter in, 241.
-- beds of wood-coal found on its
banks, 242.
-- cause of the abundance of drift
timber in, 243.
Maclaren on the quantity of useful soil
in America, 155.
-- on the position of the American
forests, 201.
Maclure, Mr., on the alternation of coral
and lava in the 'Vest Indies, 294.
Madagascar, great extent of coral near,
285.
Majendie, M., on the faculty of the retriever,
40.
Malabar, a great sea of coral near, 285.
Malcolm, Sir J., on the buried cities in
central India, 238.
Maldivas, description of the chain of
coral islands called the, see Wood-cut,
No.4, 285, 286.
Malte-Brun on the verdant rafts of the
Mississippi, 98.
-- his account of a crocodile taken in
the Rhone, 104.
-- on the geographical distribution of
fish, 106.
Malte-Brun on the diffusion of man,
119.
-- on destructive insects introduced
by commerce, 122.
-- on the level of the Caspian, 163.
-- on the destruction of villages by
landslips, 229.
-- on the burying of villages under
blown sand, 235.
-- on the abundance of drift wood in
the North Sea, 244.
_ on the drifting of bodies to the sea
by the Ganges, 250.
-- on the coral reefs of the Pacific,
295.
Mammalia, different regions of indigenous,
88.
Man, Lawrence on the causes which
enable him to live in all climates, 62.
-- his agency in the dispersion of
plants, 82.
-- geographical distribution and diffusion
of, 116.
-- speculations on the probable birth..
place of, 116.
-- his involuntary influence in dif.
fusing animals and plants, 121.
-- changes caused by, 146.
-- recent origin of, 155, 270.
-- effects of the diffusion of, 155.
-- power of exterminating species no
prerogative of, 156.
-- his influence in modifying the
physical geography of the globe, 202.
-- imbedding of the remains of, and
his works, in subaqueous strata,
253.
-- circumstances under which his remains
may be preserved in recent deposits,
255.
-- perishable nature of the works of,
271.
Mantell, Mr., on the superior solidity of
human bones from a Saxon tumulus
to those in a recent skeleton, 225.
-- remains of insects found in Lewes
levels by, 245.
-- his description of the recent strata
in the valley of the Ouse, 275.
Map, explanation of the, 304.
Marine and fresh-water strata, alternations
of, how formed in the delta of
the Ganges, 277.
Marine deposits, imbedding of freshwater
species in, 275.
Marine formations contain in general
a great variety of species, 277.
Marine plants and animals, imbedding
of the remains of, 277.
Marine testacea, imbedding of the remains
of, 280.
Marine testacea, great depths at which
they have been found living, 281.
Marine vegetation, 71, 78.
Marl lakes of Scotland, animals imbedded
in the, 251.
-- charae found fossilized in the, 273.
Martin Meer, eight canoes found in
draining, 260.
Martius on the changes which man will
produce in Brazil, 148.
Maryland, account of a whirlwind in,
74.
Matilda island, its windward side highest,
293.
Meandrina, coral formed by the genus,
284.
Mediterranean, its area as compared to
the African desert, 166.
Melville Island, annual migrations of
animals into, 97.
Men, on the extermination of savage
tribes of, by civilized colonies, 175.
-- more than 100 swept away by a
river flood in Java, 250.
-- several hundreds swept away by
the Nile, 253.
-- durability of the bones of, 258.
-- bones of, found in the delta of the
Ganges, 258.
Mendip hills, sediment deposited during
floods in the caves of the, 221.
Mermaid, coral reef, 294.
Mersey, a vessel discovered in its former
bed, 260.
Metallic substances, changes which some
taken up from the bottom of the sea
have undergone, 262.
Mhysir, a buried city in central India,
238.
Migrations, of animals, 94.
-- of cetacea, 99.
-- of birds, 101.
-- of fish, 106.
-- of insects, 113.
Migratory powers indispensable to animals to enable them to keep their
ground, 159.
Mississippi, floating islands in the, 98.
_ imbedding of terrestrial plants in
its delta, 243.
-- valley, wild horses very numerous
in parts of the, 152.
Mpi liere overflowed by lava in 1669,
237.
Monkeys trained to ascend trees, 47.
Morayshire, animals conveyed to the
sea by floods in, 249.
Morea, description of the formation
termed Ceramique in the, 233.
Moreau, Caesar, his tables of the navigation
of Great Britain, 257·
Montoire, great size of the peat moss of
211.
Mount Conto, town buried by the fall
of part of, 229.
Mount Grenier, five villages buried by
the fall of part of, 229.
Mountain chains, remarks on the theory
of their sudden elevation, 197.
Mules sometimes prolific, 49.
Murchison, Mr., on the 'ecent conglmerate of Escrinet, 221:
-- on the tertiary strata of Lancashire,
306.
Nakel, a vessel and two anchors dug up
near, 260.
Napier, Capt., his account of the animals
destroyed by floods in Scotland, 1794,
248.
Narwal found buried in mud on the
beach near Boston, 278.
-- skull of the, found in recent strata
in the valley of the Ouse, 276.
Nature, as defined by Lamarck, 13.
Necker supposed species could not be annihilated,
128.
Neill, his account of whales stranded
at Alloa, &c., 278.
Nerbuddah river, its channel cut
through columnar basalt, 238.
Newfoundland, cattle often mired in the
bogs of, 216.
Newhaven, valley of the Quse recently
filled up near, 275.
New Holland, mammiferous quadrupeds
of, 89.
-- its native inhabitants will become
extinct, 175.
-- extent of coral reefs off the coast
of, 285.
Nice, formation of breccias near, 221.
Nightingale, extraordinary range of the,
101.
Nile, cities and towns buried under
blown sand near the, 234.
-- several hundred men swept away
by a flood on the, 253.
Nitrogen common in mineral springs,
189.
North American lakes, animals inhabiting
them would be destroyed by their
drainage, 168.
-- strata containing recent shells
formed by the, 275.
North Cape, abundance of drift wood
thrown on, 244.
Nova Scotia, account of a vessel over..
turned by the bore or tidal wave in,
260.
Norway, on the comparatively recent
elevation of part of, 306.
Olafsen, on the abundance of drift wood
on the Coast of Siberia, 244.
Orang-Outang, Lamarck on its conversion into the human species, 14.
-- taught to climb trees by the inhabitants
of Borneo, 47.
Organic remains, imbedded in deposits
on emerged land, 209.
-- in peat, 210, 215.
-- in caves and fissures, 219.
__ in alluvium and the ruins caused
by landslips, 228.
-- in blown sand, 234.
-- in volcanic formations on the land,
236.
-- in subaqueous deposits, 239.
Osseous breccias, remarks on the formation
of, 232.
Otaheite, an habitual volcanic vent, 291.
Oujein, account of the buried city of,
237.
Ouse, its estuary recently filled up, 275.
-- section of the beds formed in its
estuary, 276.
Owhyhee, an habitual volcanic vent, 291.
Oysters, &c., thrown alive on the Leach
by a storm in the Forth, 280.
Pacific, animals found in the islands of
the, 90.
-- volcanic islands of the, 288.
-- a great theatre of volcanic action,
290.
-- all the islands yet examined in the,
are formed of coral or volcanic rocks,
290.
-- the calcareous formations of the,
probably all stratified, 294.
-- subsidence greater than elevation
in the, 296.
-- earthquakes felt from time to time
in the, 297.
-- recent changes of level in the, 297.
-- calcareous formations in the, the
most extensive now in progress, 298.
-- beds of oysters, &c., found on the
coral reefs of the, 283.
-- coral very abundant in the, 285.
Panama, effects which would follow the
sinking down of the isthmus of, 162.
Parasitic testacea, 287.
Paris basin, tertiary deposits of the,
305.
Paroxysmal convulsions, remarks on,
196.
Parrot tribes, their geographical distribution,
100.
Parry, Capt., on the swimming of the
Polar bear, 97.
-- on the animals of Melville Island,
97.
Paviland cave, human skeleton found
in, 223, 226.
Peat, its formation has not always a
conservative tendency, 193.
-- on its growth and the preservation
of organic and other remains in
it, 210.
-- abundant in hot and humid climates, 211.
-- area in Europe covered by, 211.
-- site of ancient forests now occupied
by, 206, 214.
-- human remains found in, 215.
-- its antiseptic property, whence
derived, 216.
-- mosses, accounts of the bursting
of, 217.
-- cattle mired in, 217.
-- animal remains in, 218.
-- submarine, 218, 278.
Penco uplifted 25 feet in 1750, 161.
Pennant on the distribution of animals,
89.
-- his account of the migrations of
rats in Kamtschatka, 94.
Peron on the geographical distribution
of fish, 105.
-- on the distribution of zoophytes,
111.
Persian Gulf, coral said to abound in
the, 285.
Peterhead, a large whale cast ashore
near, in 1682, 278.
Physical geography, effect of changes in,
on the distribution of species, 160, 308.
-- changes which have taken place
in, since the deposition of the older tertiary
strata, (see map,) 304.
-- effects of changes in, on climate,
308.
Pigs, fortuitous acquirements of some
not hereditary, 42.
-- instances of their swimming to
great distances, 92.
-- the carcasses of some found entire
at Dulverton in digging a well, 216.
Piz, fall of the mountain of, 229.
Plants, varieties in, produced by
culture, 32.
-- extent of variation in, 33.
-- influence of soil on the colour of
the petals of, 34.
-- agency of the wind in the fructification of. 55.
-- their geographical distribution, 67.
-- effect of climate, &c., on their distribution, 68.
-- number common to the old and
new world, 69.
-- distinct provinces of indigenous,
69.
Plants, in islands, 70, 127.
-- agency of the winds in the dispersion
of, 73.
-- form of the seeds of some freshwater,
75.
-- on the dispersion of cryptogamic,
75.
-- agency of rivers and torrents in
the dispersion of, 76.
-- absence of liquid matter in the
seeds of, 77.
-- their migrations aided by islands,
77·
-- agency of animals in the distribution
of, 78.
-- diffused by birds, 80.
-- agency of man in the dispersion of,
82.
-- causes which determine their stations,
131.
-- equilibrium among, kept up by insects,
132.
-- elements found in, 188.
-- which contribute to the formation
of peat, 210.
-- imbedding of the remains of terrestrial
in subaqueous deposits, 240.
-- drifted from the tropics to Iceland
by the gulf stream, 243.
-- their lighter parts drifted out to
sea by hurricanes, 244.
-- on the number that are now becoming
fossilized, 245.
-- freshwater, imbedding of the remains
of, in subaqueous strata, 272.
__ marine, imbedding of the remains
of, 277.
Playfair on the formation of vegetable
soil, 188.
Pleurs, town of, and its inhabitants
buried by a landslip, 229.
Po, its delta rapidly increased by embankments,
203.
Pointer, its stand probably a modification
of the instinct of a wild race, 40.
Polar bears, drifted from Greenland to
Iceland, 97.
-- Scoresby on their numbers, 97.
-- Capt. Parry on their power of
swimming, 97.
-- effects which may have followed
their first entrance into Iceland, 144.
Pomerania, several ships found entire in
the recent formations of, 260.
Pondres, human remains and extinct
animals found in a cave at, 225.
Poole harbour, effects of the foundering
of a vessel near its entrance, 259.
Population, human, of the globe, 148.
-- changes caused by the progress of,
Port Royal, suhsidence of, in 1692, 264.
Port Royal, Mr. De la Beche's remarks
on the subsidence of, 269.
-- Sir C. Hamilton on the submerged
buildings of, 269.
Prevost, M. Constant, his division of
geological causes, 209.
__ on the drifting of plants by the
gulf stream, 243.
Pre-occupancy the most powerful barrier
against emigration, 167, 168.
Prichard, Dr., on the distinct origin of
the dog and wolf, 27.
-- on the unequal transmissibility of
colour, &c. 52.
-- on hybrid races, 52.
-_ on the facial angle, 61.
-- on the geographical distribution of
animals, 88.
-- on animals found in islands, 90.
-- on the distribution of the parrot
tribes, 100.
-- his account of Linnaeus's theory of
the introduction of species, 124.
Progressive development, Lamarck's
theory of, 11.
Pursh on the phanerogamic plants of
the United States, 69.
Quadrupeds, domestic, their rapid multiplication
in America, 152.
-- imbedding of the remains of terrestrial,
247.
Quaggas, their migrations in South
Africa, 95.
Quoy, M., on the depth at which zoophytes
that form coral live, 286.
Raffles, Sir S., on the training of the
Sumatra baboon to ascend trees, 47.
Rain, remarks on the action of, 199.
-- diminished by the destruction of
forests, 200.
Rats migrate in great numbers in
Kamtschatka, 94.
-- involuntarily introduced by man
into America, 121.
Ray, the green lizard found in Ireland
according to, 103.
Reaumur on the rapid propagation of
the Aphis, 135.
-- on the ravages of the Gamma
moth, 136.
Rein-deer, geographical range of the, 94.
-- migrations of the, 97.
-- imported into Iceland, 154.
Remains, human, and extinct animals
found in a cave at Pondres, 225.
-- found in Wokey Hole, 224.
Rennie, Rev. Dr., on the seeds of fresh..
water plants, 75.
Rennie, Rev. Dr., on the formation of
peat, 210.
-- on the recent origin of some peatmosses,
212.
-- on the destruction of European
forests by the Romans, 214.
-- on the occurrence of iron-ore in
peat-mosses, 215.
-- on the preservation of human
remains in peat, 215.
-- on sub-marine peat, 219.
Reptiles, their geographical distribution,
103.
-- distinct regions of indigenous, 103.
-- their powers of diffusion, 103.
- in Ireland, legend of their destruction
by St. Patrick, 103.
-- imbedding of the remains of, in
subaqueous deposits, 246.
Retriever, M. Majendie on the faculty
of the, 40.
Rhinoceroses, hundreds swept away by
a river flood in Java, 250.
Rhone, a cannon imbedded in calcareous
rock taken up from its delta,
262.
Richardson, Dr., on the rocky mountain
sheep, 45.
-- on the imbedding of drift timber
in Slave Lake, 241.
-- on the cause of the abundance of
drift wood in the Mackenzie, 243.
River inundations, animals imbedded by,
247, 248, 253.
Rocks, their antiquity may have no connexion
with the period of their elevation,
309.
Rocky mountain sheep, Dr. Richardson
on the, 45.
Rolander on the balance of power among
species, 133.
Roman coins, &c., discovered in peat, 213.
Rossberg, 800 people destroyed by the
slide of the, 229.
Rother, a Dutch vessel found buried in
its old channel, 260.
Roulin, M., on acquired instincts which
have become hereditary in dogs, 39.
Rousseau, alternation of coral and volcanic
cinders at, 295.
Runn of Cutch, ship nails, &c., thrown
out of fissures in the, 267.
Running water, igneous causes the antagonist
power to the action of, 194.
Sand, drift, imbedding of organic
remains,
&c. in, 234.
-- cities and towns in Egypt buried
under, 234.
-- carcasses of camels imbedded in,
236.
San Lorenzo, isle of, said to have been
formed by the subsidence of the promontory
of Callao, 265.
Santorin, gulf of, volcanic rocks in the
lagoons of Gambier's group like those
in the, 291.
Sardinia, its flora but little known, 103.
Savanna la Mar, town of, swept away
by the sea, 233.
Scotland, peat mosses of, 213.
-- cattle often mired in them, 217.
-- animals imbedded by floods in, 248.
-- quadrupeds found imbedded in the
marl lakes of, 251.
-- shell marl obtained from some
small lakes in, 272.
-- charae found fossil in the marl lakes
of, 273.
-- but few species in the marls of, 277.
Scoresby, Capt., his experiments on the
impregnation of wood by sea-water,
240, 261.
Sea, its ravages on low coasts during
earthquakes, 232.
-- sometimes fresher at great depths
than at the surface, 287.
-- estimate of the amount of, converted
into land since the deposition
of the tertiary strata, 305.
Sea-cow cast ashore near Leith, 278.
Seals, their migration, 99.
Sea-weed, large banks formed by drift,
78, 277.
Sections of coral islands, see diagrams,
No. 6 and 7, 290.
Sedgwick, Professor, his theory of the
antagonist power of vegetation controverted, 190.
-- on eras of paroxysmal convulsion,
197.
__ on the preservation of organic re.
mains in fissures, 220.
Selside, great fissure in limestone at,
220.
Serres, E. R. A., on the changes in the
brain of the foetus in vertebrated animals,
62.
Serres, M. Marcel de, on the changes
which some human bones have under·
gone in fourteen or fifteen centuries,
225.
-- on human remains in French
caves, 224.
Sheep, great multiplication of in South
America, 153.
Shell marl, on the formation of, in the
lakes of Scotland, 272, 299.
Shells found in the calcareous marl of
the Scotch lakes, 272.
Shifts or faults, ancient and modern
compared, 195.
Ships, British, number annually wrecked,
254, 257.
Ships of war, number lost during the
French war, 256.
-- several found buried in recent
strata, 219, 260.
Sibbald on a turtle taken in the Orkneys, 104.
-- his account of whales stranded at
Burnt island, &c., 278.
Siberia, drift timber accumulated On the
east coast of, 244.
Sicily, several thousand people entombed
at once by an earthquake in, 232.
Silliman, Professor, his account of a
vessel overturned by the bore or tidal
wave in Nova Scotia, 260.
Sindree, a new salt lake formed by subsidence
in the delta of the Indus near,
266.
-- the fort of, subsided without falling, 266.
-- elevation of Ullah Bund near, 266.
Sipparah, river, its course changed,
238.
Skeleton, human, imbedded at Guadaloupe,
259.
-- found in Paviland cave, 223, 226.
Slave Lake, accumulation of drift timber
in, 241.
Sligo, bursting of a peat moss in, 218.
Sloane, Sir H., on the dispersion of
seeds by the gulf stream, 76.
Smith, Sir J., on the propagation of
plants by buds, grafts, &c., 32.
-- on the distribution of seeds by
birds, 80.
Smyth, Capt. W. H., On floating islands
of drift wood, 98.
-- on the drifting of birds by a gale
of wind in the Mediterranean, 102.
-- on the diffusion of insects by the
wind, Il5.
-- on the average number of British
merchant vessels lost daily, 257.
-- on the number of men of war lost
from 1793 to 1829, 257.
-- found broken shells at great depths
between Gibraltar and Ceuta, 281.
Smyth, Lieutenant, his account of Henderson's
Island, 297.
Soil, its influence on the colours of the
petals of plants, 34.
Soils, on the formation of, 188.
Solway moss described, 217.
-- a man and horse, in armour,
found in, 217.
-- account of the bursting of, 217.
Solway Frith, animals washed by river
floods into, 248.
Somme, peat-mosses in the valley of the,
219.
Sortino Vecchio, several thousand people entombed at once in caverns at,
282.
South America, wild horses annually
drowned in great numbers in, 247.
-- recent changes of level in, 265.
Souvignargues, human remains found
with extinct animals in a cave at, 225.
Spallanzani On the effects of heat On the
seeds of plants, 77.
-- on the flight of birds, 102.
Species, definition of the term, 2.
-- Linnaeus on the constancy of, 3.
-- Lamarck's theory of the transmutation of, 3.
__ insufficiency of the arguments in
favour of the transmutation of, 18.
-- causes of the difficulty of discriminating, 21.
-- causes of variability in the same,
24.
-- extent of known variability in, 26.
-- variability of a, compared to that
of an individual, 36.
-_ extent of change in, 37.
-- inferences as to their reality in nature, 64.
-- laws which regulate their geographical
distribution, 66.
-- theories respecting their first introduction,
123.
-- proposal of an hypothesis as to
their first introduction, 124.
-- effects which would result from the
introduction of single pairs of each,
126.
-- Brocchi on the extinction of, 128.
-- Rolander on the balance of power
among, 133.
-- reciprocal influence of aquatic and
terrestrial, 138.
-- their successive destruction part
of the order of nature, 141.
-- effect of the extension of the range
of, 142.
-- power of exterminating them no
prerogative of man, 156.
-- influence of inorganic causes in
changing their habitations, 158.
-- effect of changes in physical geography
on their distribution, 160, 308.
-- their successive extinction part of
the economy of nature, 168, 176.
-- effect of changes of climate on their
distribution, 169, 308.
-- influence of climate in causing One
to give way before another, 172.
-- barriers which oppose their distribution, 172.
-- remarks on the conversion of one
into another, 174.
-- their local distribution, 176.
Species, their recent origin, or antiquity,
may be equally consistent with their
distribution, 177.
-- speculations on the appearance of
new, 179.
-- on the time which might be required
for the extinction of one mammiferous, 182.
Specific character, permanence of the, 18.
Spence, Mr., on the number of instincts
of the common bee, 58.
-- on the distribution of insects, 113.
-- on the rapid propagation of some
insects, 135.
-- on the devastation caused by ants
in Grenada, 137.
Spitzbergen, bays filled with drift wood
in, 244.
Spix, M., on the changes which man
will produce in Brazil, 148.
Springbok, or Cape antelope, migrates
in vast herds, 95.
Springs, mineral, in the Mediterranean,
287.
Squirrels, migrations of the common, in
Lapland, 94.
St. Andre destroyed by a landslip, 229.
St. Andrew'ls a gun barrel found in the
sands near, with shells attached to it,
263.
St. Domingo, fragments of vases, &c.,
found at a depth of twenty feet in,
269.
St. Katherine Docks, a vessel found
buried in excavating them, 260.
St. Patrick, tradition of the destruction
of the Irish reptiles by, 103.
St. Vincent, account of the arrival of a
Boa-constrictor on drift wood in the
island of, 104.
Stalagmite alternating with alluvium in
French caves, 222.
Stations, of plants, description of, 69.
-- of animals, circumstances which
constitute them are changeable, 141.
-- of animals and plants, causes by
which they are determined, 130.
Staveren, isthmus burst through, 165.
Storm of February, 1831, in the estuary
of the Forth, effects of, 280.
Stratton, Mr., his account of buried
temples in Egypt, 234.
Subaqueous strata, imbedding of aquatic
species in, 272.
Subaqueous vegetation, 72, 78.
Submarine forests, remarks on the formation of, 266.
Submarine peat, found in Holland, 278.
--formed on the English coast, 278.
Submersion of land by earthquakes,
effects of the, 264.
Subsidence, effects which would result
from, in some places, 162.
-- of Port Royal in Jamaica, 264,
269.
-- of the quay at Lisbon, 264.
-- of part of the promontory of Callao,
265.
-- in the delta of the Indus, 266.
-- in Sumbawa, 269.
-- of the North American lakes, 275.
-- greater than elevation in the Pacific,
296.
-- and elevation, effects of alternate,
307.
Subterranean action, our knowledge of
it yet in its infancy, 195.
Sumbawa, subsidence in, 269.
Superior, lake, strata containing recent
shells formed by, 275.
Sweden, shells of recent species found
at great heights in, 306.
Switzerland, towns destroyed by landslips
in, 229.
Tannin, its occurrence in peat, 216.
Temples in Egypt buried under blown
sand, 234.
Teredo navalis, introduced into Holland
on the bottoms of ships, 122.
Terra del Spirito Santo. the island of,
an habitual volcanic vent. 291.
Terrestrial species, imbedding of the
remains of in subaqueous deposits,
239.
Tertiary strata. changes which have
taken place in physical geography
since their deposition-see Map, 304.
Testacea, their geographical distribution,
107.
-- causes which limit the extension
of many species, 108.
-- great range of some speeies of, 108.
-- some kinds capable of existing
without air or nourishment for long
periods, 100.
-- their powers of diffusion-see Diagram, No. 1, 111.
-- but few species of in fresh-water
formations, 277.
-- burrowing, secured from the ordi
nary action of the waves and currents,
280.
-- marine, depths at which they have
been found living, 281.
-- parasitic, 287.
Thames, a vessel found buried in the
alluvial plain of the, 260.
Thunder-storm in Spain, devastation
caused by a 109.
Tide, channels into the lagoons of coral
islands kept open by the, 291.
Tides and currents, drifting of the
remains of animals by, 252.
Tieddemann on the changes in the
brain in the foetus of vertebrated animals,
62.
Timber destroyed by insects introduced
by commerce, 122.
Tjetandoy, river, effects of a recent flood
of the, in Java, 250.
Tobacco, hybrids between two species
of, 52.
Toomer, Mr., a pig trained to hunt by, 42.
Torrents in Catalonia, devastation
caused by, 199.
Tory island, testacea found living at great
depths off, 282.
Tournal, M., human teeth and fragments
of pottery found in a cave by,
224.
Towns destroyed by landslips, 229.
Travertin formed in Forfarshire lakes,
273.
-- charae found fossil in, in Scotland,
273.
-- cypris found fossilized in, 275.
Trimmer, Mr., his discovery of tertiary
strata in Wales, 306.
Tropics, recent fresh-water formations
of the, not yet examined, 275.
Turtles migrate in droves, 104.
-- sometimes taken on the English
coast, 104.
Turton on the drifting of wolves out to
sea on ice, 97.
-- his account of a turtle taken in
the Severn, 104.
Ullah Bund elevated in 1819 in the delta
of the Indus, 266.
-- section which it exhibited when
cut through by the river, 267.
Ulloa on the multiplication of the ass in
Quito, 153.
-- on the destruction of goats in Juan
Fernandez, by dogs, 154.
Universal formations, remarks on, 196.
Universal ocean, theory of, disproved,
124.
Val d'Arno, effect of the destruction of
forests in the upper, 198.
Valley del Bove, description of the-
(see Frontispiece, ) 303.
-- dikes numerous in the, 303.
-- dip of the volcanic beds in the, 303.
Valparaiso, recent alterations of level
caused by earthquakes at, 265.
Variability, cause of, in the same species,
24.
Variation in plants produced by horticulture, extent of, 33.
Vegetable soil, why it does not increase
on the surface, 188.
-- formed in part by absorption from
the atmosphere, 189.
Vegetation, centres of, discordance of
the opinions of botanists concerning,
177.
-- no counterpoise to the levelling
power of water, 190.
-- force which it exerts compared to
the action of frost, 193.
-- its conservative influence, 198.
-- its influence on climate, 200.
Vermont, timber imbedded by the bursting
of a lake in, 228.
Vernon, Mr., on organic remains found
at North-Cliff, Yorkshire, 226.
Vessel, effects of the foundering of one
off the mouth of Poole Harbour, 259.
-- account of one overturned by the
bore or tidal wave, in Nova Scotia,
260.
Vessels, several found buried in recent
formations, 260.
-- manner in which they may become
preserved in subaqueous strata,
261.
Vesuvius, people destroyed by volcanic
alluvions on, 236.
Vicissitudes in the distribution of land
and sea since the commencement of
the tertiary era, 305.
Vicramaditya, Rajah, cities in Central
India overwhelmed in the time of
the, 237.
Vidal, Captain, testacea found living at
great depths by, 282.
Villages and their inhabitants buried by
landslips, 229.
Ville Deux, breccia with land shells
now forming at, 220.
Virginia, account of the destruction of
Elk island by a river flood in, 250.
Vitality, effects produced on the earth's
surface by the powers of, 185.
-- these most extensive in subaqueous
regions, 186.
Volcanic beds of Etna, their general
dip, 304.
-- cones, their perfect state no proof
of their relative age, 199.
-- formations, imbedding of organic
and other remains in, 236.
-- islands of the Pacific, 288.
Von Buch, his discovery of deposits of
recent shells in Norway, 306.
Vultures, some species true cosmopolites,
101.
Walker, Dr., on the overturning of
forests by wind, 212.
West Indian seas, absence of circular
coral reefs in the, 291.
West Indies, a bed of coral found between
two lava currents in the, 294.
Whales often stranded on low shores by
storms, 278.
Wheat, Lamarck on the origin of the
cultivated, 6.
-- answer to Lamarck's objection as
to its native country, 31.
-- found in the Egyptian tombs, 31.
Whirlwinds, dispersion of seeds by, 74.
White, Mr. eh., on the regular gradation
in man, &c., 61.
White, Rev. Mr., on a shower of
Aphides, 114.
White Sea, its connexion with the Gulf
of Finland, 306.
'Whitsunday Island, description of-see
wood-cut, No. 5, 289.
Wiegmann on hybrids between the dog
and wolf, 51.
-- on hybrid plants, 53.
Wilcke on the agency of birds in the
diffusion of plants, 80.
-_ on the manner in which an equilibrium
is kept up among plants, 132.
Willdenow on the diffusion of plants by
man, 83.
-- on centres of vegetable creation,
177.
Wind, forests sometimes overturned by
the, 212.
Winds dispersion of seeds by the, 73.
-- their velocity, 74.
Windward side of coral reefs, on the
cause of the superior height of the,
294.
Wokey Hole, human remains found in,
224.
Wolf and dog distinct species, 27.
-- hybrids between the, 51.
Wolves frequently drifted out to sea on
floating ice, 97.
-- extirpated in great Britain, 149.
Wood. Mr., on the migrations of the
wild ass, 95.
Wood instantly impregnated with salt
water when sunk to a great depth,
240.
-- on the imbedding of drift, 241.
-- probably converted into lignite
more rapidly under great pressure,
261.
Wood-grouse extirpated in England
within fifty years, 150.
Wreck, changes which some articles
thrown up from a, had undergone in
thirty-three years, 262.
Wrecks, average number of per year,
254, 257.
-- manner in which they may be preserved
in subaqueous strata, 255.
Zoological provinces, how formed, 125.
-- why not more blended together,
127.
Zoophytes, their geographical distribution,
111.
__ their powers of diffusion, 112.
-- engaged in the construction of coral
reefs, 284.
-- their operations compared to plants
which generate peat, 283.
Zostera marina, submarine peat formed
from the, 278.
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