by
David Woods
6th-Century
Sources/Events
Theodosius, The Topography of the
Holy Land 4
From Emmaus to
Diospolis it is twelve miles, where St. George was martyred: there
too is his body, and at it many miracles take place.
|
Source of Translation:
J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades (Warminster,
1977), 65.
Commentary: Writing c.518,
a certain Theodosius, about whom nothing more is known, describes the
famous shrine of St. George at Diospolis. The text is dated by its
references to the emperor Anastasius (491-518).
Greek Inscription
The abode of
daimones has become the house of God. The light of salvation
shines where darkness caused concealment. Where sacrifices to idols
occurred, now there are choirs of angels. Where God was provoked,
now He is propitiated. A certain Christ-loving man, the town-councillor
John, son of Diomedes, offered a gift to God from his own property,
a beautiful building, after installing within it the worthy body of
the martyr George, who appeared to this John not in a dream, but
manifestly. |
Source of Translation:
F. Trombley, Hellenic Religion and Christianization c.370-529 II (Leiden,
1995), 363.
Commentary: This is the
lintel inscription from an octagonal shrine to St. George built in 515 at
Zorava in the late Roman province of Arabia. As it reveals, the shrine was
built over a pagan temple.
Greek Inscriptions
(1) O Lord God
of the holy and glorious martyr Georgius, remember for good Thy
servant Demetrius the deacon who built this holy building, and
Georgius (his) son and all their household.
(2) For the salvation of
Demetrius the deacon and of Georgius (his) son and of all of their
household, the whole work was completed in the month of April of the
year 582, indiction 12.
(3) For the salvation of
Demetrius the deacon and of Georgius (his) son, and for the rest of
Somas (his) father and of Demetrius and of Theodora (his) children.
(4) O Lord God of Saint
Sergius, have pity on Thy servant Demetrius the deacon and on George
his son and on all their household. |
Source of Translations:
L. di Segni,"Horvath Hesheq: The Inscription"' in G.C. Bottini, L. di
Segni, and E. Alliata (eds.) Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land New
Discoveries: Essays in Honour of Virgilio C. Corbo, OFM (Studium
Biblicum Franciscanum Collectio Maior 36: Jerusalem, 1990), 379-87.
Commentary: These
inscriptions prove the dedication of the church at Horvath Hesheq in
northern Israel to the martyr St. George in April 519. The dedication in
April suggests that the church was dedicated on the feast of the martyr.
It is interesting to note a dedication to the military martyr St. Sergius
in the same church. Three reliquaries in total have been discovered in the
church. The excavation is described by M. Aviam,"Horvath Hesheq - A Unique
Church in Upper Galilee: Preliminary Report", 351-78, in the same volume
above.
Gregory of Tours, Glory of the
Martyrs 100
I know many
miracle stories about the martyr Georgius, of which I will narrate a
few. Some people were carrying his relics along with the relics of
other saints. When these couriers came to a place in the territory
of Limoges where a few clerics had already constructed an oratory
from wood planks and were constantly praying to the Lord, they
requested lodging. They were received with kindness and they spent
the night chanting psalms with the other brothers. At daybreak they
took the reliquary but could not lift it at all. Since they
completely refused to travel without the holy relics, a great grief
came into their hearts. They understood, by the inspiration of God,
that they ought to leave some of the relics in this place. They
searched in the fastenings [around the relics] and cut off some
pieces; they presented them to the elder [cleric] who presided at
the oratory. By leaving a part of their protection they received the
opportunity of departing to where they wished to go.
There are relics of
Georgius in the village [of Saint-Martin-des-Bois in the territory]
of Le Mans, where often many miracles are revealed. For the blind,
the lame, those with chills, and other ill people are often there
rewarded with the favor of health. |
Source of Translation:
R. Van Dam, Gregory of Tours: Glory of the Martyrs (Liverpool,
1988), 123-24.
Commentary: Writing in the
590s, bishop Gregory of Tours (573-94) reports the power of the relics of
St. George in Gaul.
Cyril of Scythopolis, Life of John
the Hesychast 4
After arriving
there and securing the interests of his church with the assistance
of Archbishop Euphemius of Constantinople, towards the end of the
reign of Zeno, he conceived the plan pleasing to God of withdrawing
to the holy city and living by himself in isolation from the affairs
of this life. Sending the priests and clerics with him on their way
with the imperial decrees he had obtained, he gave them all the
slip, embarking in a ship on his own, and came to Jerusalem, where
he lodged just outside the holy city in the hospice founded by
blessed Eudocia, the hospice in which there is a chapel of the holy
martyr George. |
Source of Translation:
R.M. Price and J.Binns (eds.), Cyril of Scythopolis: The Lives of the
Monks of Palestine (Kalamazoo, 1991), 223.
Commentary: Writing about
555, the priest Cyril of Scythopolis, a monk of the Great Laura in
Palestine, reports that John Hesychast had rejected his life as bishop of
Colonia in Armenia and used the occasion of a mission to Constantinople to
flee to Palestine. He stayed briefly at a guesthouse founded by the
empress Eudocia (c.457-60 ) before entering the Great Laura in 491. Note
that Cyril's words do not require that Eudocia had constructed the chapel
of St. George during her construction of the hospice itself c.457, nor
even that this chapel had existed whenJohn stayed there c.491, only that
there was a chapel there at the time at which he was writing c.555. The
hospice, and chapel, were on the road to Jaffa, about two miles west of
Jerusalem.
Anonymous, Life of Bathild 18
Indeed, we
recall that other queens in the kingdom of the Franks have been
noble and worshippers of God: Clothild, queen of the late King
Clovis of old and niece of King Gundobad, who, by her holy
exhortations, led both her very brave and pagan husband and many of
the Frankish nobles to Christianity and brought them to the Catholic
faith. She also was the first to construct the churches in honour of
St. Peter at Paris and St. George in the little monastery for
virgins at Chelles, and she founded many others in honour of the
saints in order to store up her reward, and she enriched them with
many gifts. |
Source of Translation:
P. Fouracre and R.A. Gerberding (eds.), Late Merovingian France:
History and Hagiography 640-720 (Manchester, 1996), 131.
Commentary: Writing about
690, the anonymous author of the life of queen Bathild (d. 680) reports
that queen Clothild (d. 544) had built a church at Chelles in honour of
St. George.
7th-Century Sources/Events
Greek Inscriptions
(1) By
offering of the donor. God, you know who he is. Have mercy on him.
At the time of the Archbishop Theodore [the Church] of St. George
was paved with mosaics by the care of Kasiseus, deacon and
paramonarius.
(2) In the month of
Artemisius at the time of the tenth indiction of the year 5[32]. O
Lord, have mercy and protect this village from the little one to the
big one from now forever. |
Source of Translation:
M. Piccirillo, The Mosaics of Jordan (Amman, 1992), 306.
Commentary: Two
inscriptions have been discovered among the mosaics in a church in modern
Khirbat al-Samra, ancient Hatita or Adeitha in the Roman province of
Arabia, which prove that it was dedicated to St. George. Number (1) occurs
in a square panel in the nave, while number (2), which allows us to date
the production of the mosaics to AD637 (year 532 in a provincial era
beginning in AD105), was located just before the chancel step.
Khuzistan Chronicle
When the
Persian commander also heard that many riches were to be found in
the church of St. George at Lydda, he sent a large number of his
soldiers, but they were unable to enter, however, being held back by
divine power. But at last he (himself) went (forth) with great
anger, and when he reached the door of the church, he urged on his
horse to enter by force; but the hooves of the horse stuck to the
ground and he could neither move on forwards nor go backwards.
(Thus) God showed that although he had allowed him to enter
Jerusalem, (he had not done so because) his power was weak, but in
order to punish the Romans, who said that Khusro could not hold
power over Jerusalem. He (the Persian commander) vowed, 'If I
escape, I shall make an object of silver in the likeness of the
church of St. George'. And so it turned out, and, behold, this
miraculous object has hung in the church until now. |
Source of Translation:
G. Greatrex and S.N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian
Wars. Part II, AD363-630 (London, 2002), 236.
Commentary: This text is
so-called because its anonymous author is assumed to have been a Nestorian
christian from Khuzistan writing c.660. Here he describes an event which
occurred immediately following the Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614.
Adamnan, On the Holy Places 3.4
The holy
man Arculf, who told us all these things about the cross of the
Lord, which he saw with his own eyes, and kissed, brought us [p.
113] another story concerning a confessor, George by name. This
he learned in the city of Constantinople from some well-informed
citizens, who used tell it to him in the following terms: In the
city of Diospolis, in a certain house, the likeness of the confessor
George is depicted set on a marble column. He was bound to the
column and flogged during the time of persecution. After the
flogging, however, he was released from his bonds and lived for many
years. Now one day a hardhearted wretch, an unbeliever, entered that
house mounted on horseback, and on seeing the marble column he
questioned the inmates saying: 'Whose image is this depicted on the
marble column ?' They answered saying: 'It is the picture of the
confessor George who was bound to this column and flogged.' On
hearing this the stupid fellow became very angry with the insensible
object, and at the instigation of the devil struck at the likeness
of the holy confessor with his lance.And the lance of this adversary
easily penetrated the column, passing through the outer surface in a
wondrous fashion as if it were a soft mass of snow. Its point stuck
fast in the interior and could not possibly be withdrawn, while the
haft which had struck against the marble likeness of the holy
confessor was broken off on the outside. Simultaneously the
miserable fellow's horse too, on which he was mounted, fell dead
under him on the pavement of the house; and as he was falling
himself he placed his hands against the marble column , and his
fingers sank into it as if it were fine dust or mud and remained
fast. When the unfortunate fellow perceived this, that he was unable
to withdraw the ten fingers of his two hands, which remained stuck
fast in the marble likeness of the holy confessor, he did penance
and invoked the name of the eternal God and of the confessor,
begging with tears to be freed from the bond. The merciful God, who
does not wish the death of the sinner but that he be converted and
live, accepting this tearful repentance, released him not just from
the visible marble bond of the moment, but absolved him also from
the invisible fetters of sin, mercifully succouring him now saved by
faith. This clearly shows the character and magnitude of the honour
George, His confessor amid tortures, has before the Lord. The
figure, in a material [p. 115] naturally impenetrable, he
rendered penetrable by his power, and likewise the lance of the
adversary, impenetrable by nature, he wondrously made penetrable,
and the fellow's weak fingers he powerfully made to penetrate into
that substance by nature impenetrable. At first when the fingers
remained fast in the marble the hardened man was unable to withdraw
them; but he became instantly very frightened, and then softened and
penitent, and by the mercy of God he withdrew them. Wonderful to
relate, to this day there remain in the marble column the prints of
his ten fingers inserted up to the roots, and into their place the
holy Arculf inserted his own ten fingers, they likewise penetrating
up to the roots. The blood of the wretch's horse too, whose thigh
was broken in two as he fell dead on the pavement, could not be
cleansed or wiped away by any means, but there it remains indelibly
on the pavement of the house up to our times.
The holy Arculf gave us
another true story also about this confessor George, which he
learned accurately in the above-mentioned city of Constantinople
from some well-informed and quite reliable narrators. This was the
tale they used to tell about the holy confessor: At a time when many
thousands from every quarter were coming together to form an
expedition, a certain fellow, a layman, mounted on horseback,
entered the city of Diospolis. He approached the house where the
above-mentioned marble column is, which has depicted on it the
likeness of the holy confessor George, and entering it began to
address the image as if George were present, saying: 'I commend
myself and my horse to thee, George the confessor, that by virtue of
your prayers we may both return safe from this expedition and reach
this city, delivered from all dangers of wars and pestilences and
waters. And if, according to the prayer of our littleness, the
merciful God grant to thee our successful return, I will bestow on
thee as a gift this steed of mine, which I love exceedingly,
assigning him in the prsence of thy image.' Speedily terminating
these remarks, this fellow left the house, mingled with his other
companions in the multitude of the army, and went off with the
expedition. Then after many and divers dangers of war, in which
thousands of unfortunate people perished, he got back safely to
Diospolis mounted on that same beloved horse of his, having by God's
grace escaped all evil chances, since he commended himself, as
mentioned above, to George the servant of Christ. He joyously
entered the house where the image of the holy confessor was, bearing
with him gold as the price of his horse, and he addressed the holy
George as if he were [p. 117] present, saying: 'Holy
confessor, I give thanks to the eternal God, who by the steadfast
prayer of your loftiness brought me back safe; and because of that I
give thee these twenty gold sovereigns as the price of my horse,
which thou hast conserved for me to this day since he was first
commended to thee.' While saying this he laid the said sum of gold
before the feet of the holy confessor's image, loving his horse more
than the gold. His devotions completed, he went out, mounted the
beast in question, and spurred him onward. But nothing would induce
him to move. Realizing this the fellow dismounted, went into the
house again, and offered ten sovereigns more, saying: 'Holy
confessor, thou wast indeed a gentle protector to me as I rode amid
the perils of the expedition; but nevertheless, I see, in horse
dealing thou art hard and greedy.' With this remark he added 10
sovereigns to the 20, and said to the holy confessor: 'I am giving
thee these sovereigns too that thou mayst be appeased and set my
horse free to walk.' Then he went out again, mounted the horse, and
urged him forward; but he kept standing as if fixed in that place,
and could not move even one foot. To cut the story short: after
mounting and dismounting fully four times, going into the house with
10 sovereigns, coming back to the immovable horse, and again back to
the house, he kept running from one point to the other, and all the
time nothing could succeed in moving his steed, until finally the
collected sum of sovereigns amounted to 60. Then he would repeat too
the above-mentioned remarks about the gentle kindness of the holy
confessor and his safe guardianship during the expedition,
mentioning also his hardness, as it were, or even greed, in dealing.
According to the story he would repeat such language on his return
to the house on each single occasion of the four. On the final
occasion he addressed the holy George as follows: 'Holy confessor,
now I know thy will for certain, and accordingly I offer thee as a
gift the whole sum of gold thou askest, that is 60 sovereigns, and
my steed too which I originally promised to donate to thee after the
expedition, I now donate bound as he is by invisible bonds, but
soon, I believe, to be released through thy honour before God.'
After these remarks he went out of the house, and at that moment
found his steed released. He led him into the house and assigned him
as a gift to the holy confessor in the presence of his image and he
went away from there joyfully, magnifying Christ. The clear
conclusion from this is that whatsoever is consecrated to the Lord,
whether it be man or animal, according to what is written in the
book of Leviticus, can by no means be redeemed or changed. For if
anyone change it, both that which is changed and that for which it
is changed shall be consecrated to the Lord and shall not be
redeemed. |
Source of Translation:
D. Meehan (ed.), Adamnan's De Locis Sanctis (Dublin, 1983), 111-17.
Commentary: Writing
c.683/6, abbot Adamnan of Iona reports two tales which he claims to have
heard from the lost pilgrim bishop Arculf concerning the shrine of St.
George in Diospolis.
Anonymous, Lives of the Popes
93.24
On the
order of this beloved pontiff the church close to the Velabrum was
built in honour of St. Sebastian and the martyr George. |
Source of Translation:
R. Davis, The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis) (Liverpool,
1989), 79.
Commentary: Pope Leo II
(682-83) built the deaconry of Ss. Sebastian and George at Rome. This line
is an interpolation into the life of Leo made no earlier than the 10th
century, but there is no reason to doubt its accuracy.
8th-Century Sources/Events
Anonymous, Lives of the Popes
93.24
In his
time our Lord God saw fit in this city of Rome to disclose a great
treasure through this bountiful pontiff. In the venerable
patriarchate the holy pope discovered St. George the martyr's sacred
head, kept safe in a casket; in this he also found a note made out
in Greek letters, indicating its identity. The holy pope, altogether
satisfied, immediately convened the city of Rome's people, and
caused it to be taken with hymns and spiritual chants to the
venerable deaconry which is dedicated to him in the city, in the 2nd
region at the Velabrum; and there almighty God sees fit to work
infinite miracles and benefits to the praise of his own name through
this sacred martyr. |
Source of Translation:
R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)
(Liverpool, 1992), 48.
Commentary: Pope Zacharias
(741-52) claimed to have discovered the head of St. George in the Lateran
basilica at Rome and translated it to the deaconry of St. George.
Greek Inscription
The whole
building of the place here of the martyr George was completed in the
days of the most holy patriarch Theodore and of Theodore, priest and
chorepiscopus, by the effort and good will of Stephen the
priest and of all his companions, on the 20th of the month of .....
of the 15th indiction, in the year of the world 6254. |
Source of Translation:
R. Arav, L. Di Segni, A. Kloner, "An Eighth Century Monastery Near
Jerusalem", Liber Annuus 40 (1990), 313-20, at 317.
Commentary: A chapel to
St. George was built at a small monastery in the neighbourhood of Ramot,
Jerusalem, just off the road from Jerusalem to Emmaus, sometime during the
period April-August 762.
Epiphanius the Monk, The Holy City
and the Holy Places 4
And again from
that place eight miles away is Ramla, and near Ramla the place
Diospolis. The .... is Saint George. There rest the remains of the
Great Martyr Saint George. The church is very large, and in its
chancel lies the torturer's wheel. And on the right side of the nave
stands a column to which the wheel is tied. On the day of his memory
blood flows for three hours. In the same column there is a crack in
the marble which gives signs; if you tell the truth you can go
through without hindrance, and without difficulty, but if you do not
tell the truth you cannot go through. |
Source of Translation:
J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades (Warminster,
1977), 119.
Commentary: Writing during
the late 8th-century apparently, Epiphanius the monk, otherwise unknown,
describes the same miracle-working column at Diospolis as already
mentioned by abbot Adamnan of Iona.
Anonymous, The Deeds of the Abbots
of Fontenelle (=St. Wandrille) 14
During his
time, therefore, as can be seen, God Almighty, the creator of the
world, deigned to reveal a great wonder and precious treasure to
those peoples residing in the territory of Cherbourg. For while
Rihwin was the count of that territory, a certain container
resembling a small lighthouse was seen being carried along above the
water in the middle of the sea next to the place which is called
Portbail, and in this way, by drawing nearer gradually, it landed in
the port itself. When the villagers saw this, in the manner of the
common people, they began to wonder why it wished to be here. They
then went to the count and reported the new event to him; and in
this way they invited to this sight, together with the count, some
religious men distinguished by the office of the priesthood. They
approached it, with great fear, yet with greater faith, and saw on
the side of this container a small opening sealed with wax. When
they opened this and looked inside, they discovered a most beautiful
manuscript containing the four gospels which had been written in the
best Roman lettering and was finely made from the cleanest
parchment. Next to this, they also found a reliquary. Opening this,
they discovered a piece of the most precious jaw of the blessed
martyr George, together with other relics of various saints, besides
even a relic of the healing wood of the Lord's cross. The contents
were revealed by individual inscriptions on the same reliquary.
Then, when a fast was announced, they considered what they ought to
do. When the fast was finished, they prepared a cart on which to
place the aforementioned lighthouse-shaped container so that it
might be brought wherever the will of God had decided. They also
yoked two cows to the cart, and awaited the will of the Most High
Judge. And, while the people waited and followed, the cows, moving
along with the cart itself, without a leader or the guidance of any
herdsman, immediately proceeded to that place which is called Brix
even to the present. It was the estate of a certain distinguished
man. It pleased all for a church to be built there in honour of
blessed George the martyr; nevertheless, the aforementioned count
took charge of this business. Together with the people subject to
him, he founded in that same place a basilica in honour of blessed
George the martyr. And there were two other churches also, that is,
one was built in honour of the most holy mother and perpetual virgin
Mary, and another was built in veneration of the Holy Cross. The
mercy of God reveals itself there, and because of its possession of
the saints whose most holy relics are preserved there, together with
a piece of the head of the holy martyr of Christ George, such great
miracles are worked even to the present that they surpass belief
except by the faithful who know that the Lord works very many
miracles through his saints. That village is situated on the flat
surface of a steep mountain, and the river Undua lies adjacent to it
from the south at a distant of two miles more or less. I have also
described the appearance of the container in which these relics were
found, because I have seen it. It is of square shape, rising,
therefore, from four corners at the bottom, and the whole work
becomes so narrow at its peak because of a gradual reduction in its
width that it produces a pyramid at its summit and is strengthened
by ending in a single small pole. It also has a shelf at its centre,
where that gospel-manuscript is kept, together with that reliquary,
over which a roof has been fitted. It is about eight feet in height,
and three feet more or less in width. It is not known by any of the
inhabitants of this place, right to the present, from what part or
region or how it arrived in that very territory.
However, the following
description of events occurs in the deeds of blessed Pope Zacharias
who was the 93rd ruler of the Roman church since the blessed apostle
Peter:
In his time our Lord God
saw fit in this city of Rome to disclose a great treasure through
this bountiful pontiff. In the venerable patriarchate the holy pope
discovered St. George the martyr's sacred head, kept safe in a
casket; in this he also found a note made out in Greek letters,
indicating its identity. The holy pope, altogether satisfied,
immediately convened the city of Rome's people, and caused it to be
taken with hymns and spiritual chants to the venerable deaconry
which is dedicated to him in the city, in the 2nd region at the
Velabrum; and there almighty God sees fit to work infinite miracles
and benefits to the praise of his own name through this sacred
martyr.
For this reason, we think
that some venerable men either from Britain, that is, from the race
of the English who are always especially close to the apostolic see,
or from Germany or from some other region to enter which one must
cross the sea, had been away at that time in the city of Rome and
that the aforementioned relics had been received by them from the
pope himself, but that, while they were trying to return, they were
seized at sea by shipwreck or some other disaster, and in this way
lost these relics, and that these were borne, by the will of God, to
the same territory where they are revered with the greatest respect
by the faithful people right until the present. At a later time
again, a certain head of a family by the name of Bernehard, because
it was his estate on which the very basilica of the aforementioned
martyr seems to have been situated, gave it to this monastery, and
it came in this way into the authority of this place. I have taken
care to entrust to memory these things concerning the arrival of the
relics of blessed George the martyr just as I have learned them by
listening or have found them in the writings of the same pope or
have even myself seen, because I found the times fitting. For at the
same time as they arrived, Zacharias was the apostolic successor,
Pippin was king, and Rihwin was count, so that there is no doubt
about this. Also, it is agreed that that gospel-manuscript was
written in the city of Romulus, as the writing itself suggests.
|
Source of Translation:
My translation based on the edition by S. Loewenfeld, MGH Scriptores
Rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum (Hannover, 1886). There does not
appear to be any English translation of this text. In general, see I.N.
Wood, "Saint Wandrille and Its Hagiography", in I. Wood and G.A. Loud
(eds.), Church and Chronicle in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to
John Taylor (London, 1991), 1-14, although he fails to appreciate the
identity or importance of the object which he describes, 7, as a "bizarre
Gospel reliquary washed up at Portbail".
Commentary: According to
the anonymous author, writing c.830, part of the jaw of St. George was
discovered among other relics in a box washed up at Portbail during the
time of abbot Austrulph (747-53). It is clear, however, that the author
had no independent evidence for this dating. Rather, he deduced it himself
in the assumption that this fragment of the jaw of St. George must have
come from the head of St. George which Pope Zacharias (741-52) had
discovered at Rome according to the Lives of the Popes upon which
he was modelling his own text. In fact, the evidence suggests that this
box of relics had probably belonged to the bishop Arculf who had visited
Adamnan of Iona sometime before c.683. First, there is the coincidence
between the main subjects of book 3 of Adamnan's On the Holy Places
- the Holy Cross, St. George, and the Blessed Virgin - and the identities
of the 3 churches built at Brix as a result of the discovery of this box -
that of the Holy Cross, St. George and the Holy Virgin. Second, the
relative emphasis within book 3 of Adamnan's On the Holy Places, on
St. George rather than on the True Cross or the Blessed Virgin, matches
that in the ecclesiastical complex built at Brix where the main church was
dedicated to St. George. Finally, Arculf was blown to Iona as a result of
a great storm, probably at the mouth of the English Channel, while the box
of relics was found washed up on the sea-shore, again on the English
Channel. Since it was customary for ships to jettison much of their cargo
in times of peril, it seems that the crew of Arculf's boat had jettisoned
their cargo - including his box of relics - during the same storm which
saw them blown off course onto the western course of Britain. Hence this
anecdote constitutes important independent evidence that Arculf really did
exist and was not an entirely imaginary person invented by Adamnan for
literary purposes.
9th-Century Sources/Events
Anonymous, Lives of the Popes
98.11
But the
day came when he was to process as usual in what everyone calls the
Major Litany, in which the people meet and join him as a matter of
religious duty, so that following the annual custom he would
celebrate the litany and the ceremonies of mass with the
sacerdotes, and pour forth prayer to the almighty Lord for the
well-being of the christian people. According to ancient tradition
the litany had been announced in advance by a notary of the holy
Roman church at the church of Christ's martyr St. George on his
feastday, and all the men and women devoutly crowded to the church
of Christ's martyr St. Laurence in Lucina to join in at the
gathering announced to take place there. |
Source of Translation:
R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)
(Liverpool, 1992), 184.
Commentary: It was already
an "ancient tradition" by the reign of Pope Leo III (795-816) for the
Major Litany of 25 April to be announced two days beforehand during the
celebration of feast of St. George, 23 April, at the deaconry of St.
George.
Anonymous, Lives of the Popes
98.45
In St.
George's deaconry, a cloth with intervowen gold, with various
representations including elephants, with a purple fringe.
|
Source of Translation:
R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)
(Liverpool, 1992), 200.
Commentary: Pope Leo III
(795-816) presented a cloth to the deaconry of St. George among his gifts
to other institutions also.
Anonymous, Lives of the Popes
98.75
St.
George's deaconry, silver crown, 5.5lb. |
Source of Translation:
R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)
(Liverpool, 1992), 211.
Commentary: Pope Leo III
(795-816) presented silver gifts to many institutions at Rome, including
the deaconry of St. George.
Anonymous, Lives of the Popes
98.104
Over the
high altar in St. George the martyr's deaconry, a white all-silk
cloth with roses, with a cross-adorned silk panel in the centre,
representing the crucifixion, adorned with tyrian and with
gold-studded roses. |
Source of Translation:
R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)
(Liverpool, 1992), 227.
Commentary: Pope Leo III
(795-816) presented more gifts to many institutions at Rome, including the
deaconry of St. George.
Anonymous, Lives of the Popes
103.14
In
Christ's martyr St. George's church the magnificent prelate provided
porticoes on each side and he decorated them with various paintings
for this basilica's adornment. With the Lord's help he embellished
this deaconry's apse from the foundations with total endeavour. When
this God-beloved pontiff carefully saw that this venerable
deaconry's secretarium was decaying from its great antiquity,
in his love for him and to gain the favour of others he newly set it
up to better honour. There too the holy pope presented these gifts:
1 gold-interwoven cloth, and another with gold-studding, with an
image of the Saviour and of the martyrs Sebastian and Gregory; 2
large gold-interwoven veils; 17 small ones. In this basilica's
confessio he provided silver railings swathed in gold.
|
Source of Translation:
R. Davis, The Lives of the Ninth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis)
(Liverpool, 1995), 55-6.
Commentary: Pope Gregory
IV (828-44) rebuilt the deaconry of Ss. Sebastian and George, to give it
its full name.
11th-Century
Sources/Events
Michael Psellus, Chronographia 6
In this catalogue of the
emperor's foolish excesses, I now come to the worst example of all -
the building of the Church of St. George the Martyr. Constantine
pulled down and completely destroyed the original church; the
present one was erected on the site of its ruins. The first
architect did not plan very well, and there is no need for me to
write of the old building here, but it appears that it would have
been of no great dimensions, if the preliminary plans had been
carried out, for the foundations were moderate in extent and the
rest of the building proportionate, while the height was by no means
outstanding. However, as time went by, Constantine was fired by an
ambition to rival all the other buildings that had ever been erected
and to surpass them altogether. So the area of the church and its
precincts was much enlarged, and the old foundations were raised and
strengthened, or else sunk deeper. On these latter, bigger and more
ornate pillars were set up. Everything was done on a more artistic
scale, with gold-leaf on the roof and precious green stones let into
the floor or encrusted in the walls. And these stones, set one above
the other, in patterns of the same hue or in designs of alternate
colours, looked like flowers. And as for the gold, it flowed from
the public treasury like a stream bubbling up from inexhaustible
springs.
The church was not yet
finished, however, and once again the whole plan was altered and new
ideas incorporated in its construction. The symmetrical arrangement
of the stones was broken up, the walls pulled down, and everything
levelled with the ground. And the reason for it ? Constantine's
efforts to rival other churches had not met with the complete
success he hoped for: one church, above all, remained unsurpassed.
So the foundations of another wall were laid and an exact circle
described with the third church in its centre (I must admit that it
certainly was more artistic). The whole conception was on a lofty
and magnificent scale. The edifice itself was decorated with golden
stars throughout, like the vault of heaven, but whereas the real
heaven is adorned with its golden stars only at intervals, the
surface of this one was entirely covered with gold, issuing forth
from its centre as if in a never-ending stream. On all sides there
were buildings, some completely, others half-surrounded by
cloisters. The ground everywhere was levelled, like a race-course,
stretching farther than the eye could see, its bounds out of sight.
Then came a second circle of buildings, bigger than the first, and
lawns full of flowers, some on the circumference, others down the
centre. There were fountains which filled basins of water; gardens,
some hanging, others sloping down to the level ground; a bath that
was beautiful beyond description. To criticize the enormous size of
the church was impossible, so dazzling was its loveliness. Beauty
pervaded every part of the vast creation, so that one could only
wish it were even greater and its gracefulness spread over an area
still wider. And as for the lawns that were bounded by the outer
wall, they were so numerous that it was difficult to see them in one
sweeping glance: even the mind could scarcely grasp their extent.
It was not merely the
exceptional beauty of the whole, composed as it was of most
beautiful parts, but just as much the individual details that
attracted the spectator's attention, and, although he could enjoy to
his heart's content all its charms, it was impossible to find one
that palled. Every part of it took the eye, and, what is more
wonderful, even when you gazed on the loveliest part of all, some
small detail would delight you as a fresh discovery. To attempt to
place its various merits in any order of preference was useless for,
when all the parts were so lovely, even the least attractive could
not fail to give pleasure inimitable. Its every detail excited the
greatest admiration. People marvelled at the size of the church, its
beautiful symmetry, the harmony of its parts, the variety and rhythm
of its loveliness, the streams of water, the encircling wall, the
lawns covered with flowers, the dewy grass, always sprinkled with
moisture, the shade under the trees, the gracefulness of the bath.
It was as if a pilgrimage had ended, and here was the vision perfect
and unparallelled. |
Source of Translation:
E.R.A. Sewter, Michael Psellus: Fourteen Byzantine Rulers (Harmondsworth,
1966), 250-52.
Commentary:Writing about
1063, the courtier Michael Psellus describes how the Byzantine emperor
Constantine IX (1042-55) had rebuilt the Church of St. George of Mangana
in Constantinople.
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