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1ndex
Acetylocholine, 28-29
Adipose tissue, storage of chemicals
in, 190-91
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 202,
203
Africa, cancer in tribes of, 237; results
of DDT spraying in, 254-55
Agriculture Department. See U.S.
Department of Agriculture
Alabama, fire ants in, 163, 164, 171
Alabama Cooperative Wildlife Research
Unit, 164, 167
Aldrin, 25, 26; nitrification affected
by, 57; persistence in soil, 58; used
against Japanese beetle in Michigan,
87, 89-91; birds killed by, 90,
91, 95, 99; toxicity, 95; as seed coating,
125
Alexander, Dr. Peter, 211, 285
Alfalfa caterpillar, virus used against,
290-91
American Cancer Society, 221
American Medical Association, 175,
190
American Society of Ichthyologists
and Herpetologists, 141
Aminotriazole, 182; carcinogenic
nature of, 36, 225-26
Amitrol. See Aminotriazole
Anemia, aplastic, 227, 228
Anopheles: mosquitoes, malaria carried
by, 257, 266; resistant to DDT,
269
Anoxia, caused by nitrates, 77; consequences
of, 204, 232
Ant, fire, 161-691 170-72, 255; forest
red, as insect predators, 293-94
Antelope, pronghorn, 65, 67
Appleworm. See Codling moth
Arant, Dr. F. 5., 163
Army Chemical Corps, Rocky Mountain
Arsenal of, 43
Arsenic, 16, 17-18; in herbicides, 35;
as carcinogen, 50-51, 220, 222-24;
soil poisoned by, 58-59; cows killed
by, 71; in crabgrass killers, 81;
human exposure to, 237
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 202-3,
205-6, 207
Attractants, insect sex, 285-87
Audubon Society, Detroit, 90; Michigan,
90; National, 104, 147; Florida,
119
Auerbach, Charlotte, 209
Austin, Texas, fish killed by chemicals
near, 144-46
B vitamins, 236-37
Bacillus thuringiensis, 289-90
Bacterial insecticides, 288-91. See also
Milky disease
Baker, Dr. Maurice F., 164
Balance of nature, 246-48
Bantu tribes, cancer in, 237
Barker, Dr. Roy, 107, 108
Baton Rouge, birds killed by insecticides
in, 104
Beaver, 67, 68
Beck, Professor Herbert H., 120
Bedbugs, 273
Beekeeping, 17, 160
Bees, effect of parathion on, 29; dependence
on "weeds, " 73; killed by
insecticides, 160; deaths from sting
of, 164
Beetle, used in weed control, 82; Japanese,
87-99, 255, 256, 292; whitefringed,
165; vedalia, 256-57, 292
Benson, Ezra, 165
Bent, Arthur C., Lift Histories, 112
Benzene, leukemia caused by, 234
BHC (benzene hexachloride), effect
on nitrification, 57; persistence in
soil, 58; sweet potatoes and peanuts
contaminated by, 59-60 as its isomer,
lindane, 196; plant mutations
caused by, 213; and blood disorders,
227, 228, 229, 230, 234;
arthropods resistant to, 265, 267
Bernard, Richard F., 12 1
Bidlingmayer, W. L., 147
Biesele, John J., 233
Bingham, Millicent Todd, 69
Biocides, 8
Biological control of insects, 256,
259-61, 278--96
Birds, fish-eating, killed by insecticides,
45-46, 47, 48; reproduction
affected adversely by herbicides, 76;
killed by herbicides, 81; killed by
aldrin, 90, 91, 95, 99, 125-26;
killed by dieldrin, 93; killed by elm
spraying, 103-14; apparent sterility
in (eagles), 118, 120; killed by seed
treatment in England, United
States, 123-26; killed by fire ant
spraying program, 166-67; encouragement
of, in modem forests, 293.
See also Sterility, and various names
of birds, such as Eagles, Grebes,
Grouse, Gulls, Robins, Warblers
Blindness, in fish, caused by DDT,
135-36
Blood disorders, insecticides and,
227-30
Blue Island, Illinois, 91
Bob white quail, 167
Bollworm, 254-55
Bone marrow, chemicals with affinity
for, 234
Bonin 1slands, 287
Boyes, Mrs. Ann, 90
Bridger National Forest, 67-68
Briejer, C. J., 78, 245, 273, 275
British Columbia, forest spraying
injures salmon in, 137-38
British Trust for Ornithology, 123
Broley, Charles, 118-19, 122
Brooks, Professor Maurice, 104
Broun, Maurice, 119
Brown, Dr. A. W. A., 266, 271
"Brush control" spraying, 68-72;
selective, 74-75, 81
Budworm, black-headed, DDT spraying
for in British Columbia, 137-38
Budworm, spruce, DDT spraying
for in eastern Canada, 130-35; in
Maine, 135; in Montana, 136-37;
use of microbial disease against,
290
Burnet, Sir F. Macfarlane, 21 1, 234
Butler, Dr. Philip, 151
Cactus, insect
enemy used to control,
82-83
California Citrus Experiment Station,
264
California Department of Public
Health, 49
Canada, spraying programs in,
137-38; "forest hygiene" programs
in, 295-96
Cancer: hazards from polluted water,
50-51; and cellular oxidation, 204;
natural causative agents, 219; and
man-made carcinogens, 219-20;
and industrial carcinogens, 220-21;
increase in, 221; in children,
221-22; and pesticides as carcino-
gens, 222-30, 237; Warburg theory
of origin, 231-33; and chromosome
abnormality, 233-34; urethane
as cause of, 235; possible indirect
causes, 235-37; and imbalance
of sex hormones, 235-37;
protective role of vitamins against,
236-37; multiple exposure to causative
agents of, 237-40; search for
cause vs. search for cure, 140-43.
See also Leukemia
Carbamates, 111-13, 235
Carbon tetrachloride, molecular
structure, 20
Carcinogens, 210-10; industrial,
220-11, 126; pesticides as, 222-15,
226-30; herbicides as, 2.1-5-16
Carroll, Lewis, 183
Carrots, insecticides absorbed by, 59
Cats, affected by aldrin, 90; dieldrin
fatal to, 93-94
Cattle: killed by arsenical insecticides,
71; attracted to and killed by plants
sprayed with 2, 4-D, 76-77; killed
by fire ant program, 168 Cell division,
209-10; and cancer, 230-33
Cellular oxidation, 100-103; effect of
insecticides upon, 203-7
Chaoborus astictopus, gnat, 46-47
Chemicals, general, new to human
environment, 7; insect-killing, new,
7; insecticidal, growth of production
of, 16, 17; biological potency
of, 16; dangerous interaction of,
31-32, 138; recurrent exposure to,
'73-74; less toxic, 184; stored in
human body, 190; parallel between
radiation and, 208-9. See also Herbicides,
1nsecticides, Pesticides, and
various chemicals by name
Chester Beatty Research Institute
(London), 285
Chickadees, 112
Chlordane, 21, 13-24; persistence in
soil, 58; in crabgrass killers, 80;
toxic to fish, 140, 145; household
use questionable, 174; and blood
disorders, 227, 228, 219; arthropods
resistant to, 267; roaches and
ticks resistant to, 271
Chloroform, molecular structure, 19
Cholera epidemic, London, 240-41
Cholinesterase, 29, 195
Chromosomes: and mitosis, 210; effect
of environmental factors on,
211; effect of pesticides on, 212-14;
abnormality of, in chronic leukemia,
213-15; abnormality of, and
birth defects, 215-16; abnormality
of, and cancer, 133-34
Cigarettes, arsenic content of, 58
CIPC, 225, 238
Cirrhosis, increase of, 192
Citrus industry, scale insect a threat
to, 256-57, 291
Clams, 150-51
Clear Lake, California, 46-50
Cockroaches, 271
Codling moth, in Nova Scotia, 254;
resistant to sprays, 264; resistant to
DDT, 272
Colorado River, fish destruction in,
114-45
Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of,
150, 151
Congenital defects, due to anoxia,
204; due to chromosome damage,
215
Connecticut Arboretum, 70, 71
Cordoba Province, Argentina, arsenic
poisoning and arsenical skin cancer
in, 223
Com borer, 255-56
Cornell University, 285; Agricul1ural
Experiment Station, 160
Cottam, Dr. Clarence, 167-68
Coyotes, 248
Crabgrass, 80-81, 177-78
Crabs, dieldrin fatal to, 147-49
Cranberry-weed killer, 37, 182,
225-26
Cranbrook Institute of Science, 109,
113
Culex mosquitoes, 267
Curacao, eradication of screw-worm
on, 280-81.
Czechoslovakia, biological warfare
experiments in, 291
Darwin, Charles, The Formation of
Vegetable Mould, 55-56
Darwin, Erasmus, 291
Davis, Professor David E., 213
DDD, 46; used against gnats at Clear
Lake, 46-49; physiological effect
of, 49
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane),
discovery, 20; stored in
human body, 21-22, 177, 178, 179;
passed from one organism to another,
22-23; used against spruce
budworm, 41-42, 13 1-35; persistence
in soil, 58; birds poisoned by,
103, 107, 112, 113, 122, 125; used
for Dutch elm disease, 107-8; effect
on reproduction of birds, 108-9,
12o-n, 206, 207; stored in tissues
of fish, 136-37; toxic to fish, 143,
144; aerial spraying of, 158--60; in
milk, 159; in leaf crops, 160; effect
on nervous system, 192-93; as uncoupler,
204; genetic effects on
mosquitoes, 212; as carcinogen,
225; and blood disorders, 227, 228,
230; human exposure to, 238; certain
insects increase under spraying,
252, 253-55, 260; effect on spider
mite, 253-54; used against
typhus, 267; flies develop resistance
to, 267-68; mosquitoes resistant to,
269-70, 273; agricultural insects resistant
to, 272
DeBach, Dr. Paul, 257, 292
Deer, mule, 66, 67; Kaibab, 248
Defects, congenital. See Congenital
defects
Denmark, flies become resistant in,
267
Detergents, indirect role in carcinogenesis,
238-39
Detroit, spraying for Japanese beetle
in, 87, 89-91
Detroit Audubon Society, 90
Detroit News, 89
DeWitt, Dr. James, 120, 121
Dieldrin, 21, 25-26; aldrin convened
to, in soil, 58; effects of spraying
with, in Sheldon, Ill., 92-94; toxicity,
92-93; cats killed by, 93-94;
toxic to fish, 139, 140; toxic to
shrimp, 150; used against fire ants,
165; ruled unsuitable in forage,
169; delayed effects on nervous system,
196; flies resistant to, 268; banana
root borer resistant to, 290
Diels, Otto, 25
"Dinitro" herbicides, 36
Dinitrophenol, 36, 203-4, 207
Disease, environmental, 187-98; insect-
borne, 266; as weapon against
insects, 288-91
Douglas, Justice William 0., 67, 68,
72, 159
Dragonflies, 250
Dubos, Dr. Rene, 189
Dutch elm disease, 105; spraying for,
106, 114-15; controlled by sanitation,
115-17
Dutch Plant Protection Service, 78
Eagles,
insecticides a threat to,
118-20, 121-22
Earthworms, Darwin on, 55-56; poisoned
by spraying, 107-8; 110
East Lansing, Mich., robin population
affected by spraying at, 106-9
Ecology, 189
Ecology of Invasions, The (Elton), 10
Egler, Dr. Frank, 74
Egypt, flies develop resistance in, 268
Eliassen, Professor Rolf, 40
Elm: American, and Dutch elm disease,
10, 105, 114; European, 117
Elton, Dr. Charles, 10, 11, 117, 265
Endrin, 25, 26-27; toxic to fish, 139,
140; toxic to shrimp, 150
England, use of arsenical weed killers
in, 35; birds affected by seed treatment in,
122-25
Entomologists, chemical control
favored by some, 259
Environment, adjustment of life to,
6-7; man's contamination of, 8-13
Enzymes, function, 16, 204; affected
by organic phosphates, 28-29; cholinesterase,
29, 34, 195, 197; liver,
31, 32, 191; role in oxidation, 201,
202, 204; in flies, 274
Eskimos, DDT in fat of, 179-80
Estrogens and cancer, 236, 237
Farm surpluses and insect control, 9
Fawks, Elton, 120
Federal Aviation Agency, 89
Field Notes, Audubon, 104
Fire ant, program against, 161-69,
170-72, 255; effective method of
control, 172
"Fire damp," 19
Fish, killed by insecticides, 41-42,
122, 131-47, 149-50; affected by
herbicides, 67, 68; blinded by DDT,
135-36
Fish and Wildlife Service. See U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service
Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
132
"Flareback," insects', after spraying,
8, 252-58
Flint Creek, Alabama, 142
Florida, fish destruction in, 141; pesticide
pollution in salt marshes in,
146-48; abandons broad fire ant
control program, 172; mosquitoes
become resistant in, 270
Flukes, blood and liver, 258
Fly, fruit, 212, 287; screw-worm,
280-82; Hessian, 287; melon, 287.
See also Housefly
Food, chemical residues in, 178-84;
contamination in warehouses, 181.
See also Milk
Food and Drug Administration. See
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
"Forest hygiene," 293
Forest Service. See U.S. Forest Service
France, birds affected by insecticides
in, 122
Freiberg, Germany, arsenic-contamination
affects animals at, 223-24
Frings, Hubert and Mable, 288
Game Birds Association (British), 123
Gardening, poisons used in, 176-78
Genelly, Dr. Richard, 12 1
Genes, 209-10
Genetic effect, of chemicals, 8, 208,
209; of radiation, 208
"Ginger paralysis, " 197
Gnat, Chaoborus astictopus, 46-47
Goatweed. See Klamath weed
Gosswald, Professor Karl, 293-94
Grebes, western, 45, 47-48
Gromme, Owen J., 113
Groundwater, contamination of,
42-43, 50
Grouse, sage, 65, 67
Gulls, 45; California, DDD residues
in, 48; laughing, affected by spraying
of marshes, 148
Gynandromorphs, 212
"Gyplure, " 286
Gypsy moth, 156-57; importation of
natural enemies of, 157; aerial
spraying for, 158-61; secretion as
weapon against, 2.85-86; synthetic
lure isolated, 286
Hargraves, Dr. Malcolm, 227,
228,
229
Harrington, R. W., Jr., 147
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, 110--20
Hayes, Dr. Wayland, Jr., 22
Health problems, new environmental,
187-98
Hepatitis, 25; increase of, 192
Heptachlor, 24; effect on nitrification,
57; persistence in soil, 58; effect
on hops sprayed with, 60-61;
effect on wildlife, Joliet, Illinois, 91;
toxic to fish, 139, 140, 141; used
against fire ants, 165, 166, 167,
168-69, 171; ruled unsuitable on
forage, 169; peculiar nature of, 170;
use results in increase of sugarcane
borer, 255
Herbicides, toxic effects of, 34-37,
76; used against sagebrush, 64-68;
used for roadside "brush control"
68-72, 74; animals attracted to
plants sprayed with, 76-77; possible
effects on reproduction in birds, 78;
toxic to plankton, 150-51; as agents
of chromosome damage, 2 1 3; as
carcinogens, 225-26
Hessian fly, 287.
Hickey, Professor Joseph, 109
Hinsdale, Illinois, birds killed by
DDT in, 103
Hiroshima, leukemia among survivors
of, 226
Hops, destroyed by heptachlor, 60-61
Hormones, sex, imbalance of, and
cancer development, 235-37
Housefly, diseases carried by, 266; resistance
to DDT and other chemicals,
267-68, 273-74; pilot projects
in sterilization of, 282-83
Hueper, Dr. W. C., on arsenicals, 18;
on contaminated drinking water,
50; on congenital and infant
cancer, 221-22, 235; Occupational
Tumors, 222, 223; on DDT as carcinogen,
225; on epidemic of cancer
in trout, 239; on eliminating
causative agents of cancer, 240-43
Hurricane: Edna (1954), 133; of
1938, 157
Huxley, Thomas, 248
Hydrocarbons, chlorinated, 18-27;
storage of, 21, 24, 1S, 190; persist
ence in soil, 58; sensitivity of fish
to, 139; in food crops, 180-84; effect
on liver, 191-92, 195, 235; effect
on nervous system, 192-96,
198; genetic effects of, 213-14
Illinois
Agriculture Department, 91
Illinois Natural History Survey, 91,
94, 113; report quoted, 94
Industry, malignancies traceable to,
220-21, 226
Insecticides: abuses in use, general,
12-13; botanical, 16, 184; synthetic,
biological potency of, 16; arsenical,
17-18; chlorinated hydrocarbon,
18-27, 58, 139. 180-84, 191-96,
198, 21 3-14; organic phosphorus,
18-20, 27-32, 192, 195, 106-98;
systemic, 32-34; absorbed in plant
tissues, 59-61; fatal to birds,
103-14, 118-26; in household use,
174-75; available to home gardeners,
176-78; storage in adipose tissue,
190-91; interaction between,
195-96; linked with mental disease,
197-98; research on, 258-59; modem,
first medical use of, 267; bacterial,
289-91. See also Chemicals,
Pesticides, and various chemicals by
name
Insects, "flareback" after spraying, 8,
252-57; disease-carrying, 9,
257-58; incidence of, under single-crop
farming, 10; strains resistant
to chemicals, 246; control of, 247;
fecundity of, 147; held in check by
natural forces, 249-51; parasitic,
250-51; population upsets caused
by chemicals, 151-57; biological
control of, 256, 259-61, 278-96;
resistant to spraying, 263-72;
agricultural, developing resistance
of, 272; mechanism of resistance,
272-74; experiments with secretions
of, as weapons, 285-87; male
annihilation programs, 287; ultrasonic
sound as weapon against,
287-88; diseases of, as weapons
against, 288-91; natural enemies as
aid in control of, 291-06. See also
various insects by name
IPC, 225, 238
Iroquois County, Illinois, Japanese
eradication program in, 91-94, 95
Irrigation waters, contamination of,
44-46
Jacob, F. R., 159
Japanese beetle, adverse side-effects of
spraying, in Midwest, 87-96, 255;
control of, in the eastern states,
96-99; milky disease of, 97-99, 189;
total annual damage by, 156
Joachimsthal, lung cancer among
workers at, 220
Joliet, Illinois, disastrous effects of
heptachlor in, 91
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
275
Kafue bream, 144
Klamath Lake, Lower and Upper, 45
Klamath weed, 81-82
Klinefelter's syndrome, 214
Knipling, Dr. Edward, 279, 280, 284
Koebele, Albert, 291 , 292
Korea, lice develop resistance to
DDT in, 168-69
Kuala Lumpur, Malaya, resistant
mosquitoes at, 273
Kuboyama, 229
Lacewings, 250-5 1
Ladybugs, 249-50
Laird, Marshall, 257
Lawns, treated for crabgrass, 80-81
Lead, arsenate of, 59, 253, 254, 261
Leaf roller, red-banded, 254
Leather Trades Review, 265
Lehman, Dr. Arnold, 22, 24
Leukemia, 234; chromosome abnormality
in, 214-15; and pesticides as
causative agents, 222, 226-30j rapid
development of, 226; rising incidence
of, 226-27, 234; DDT and
case histories of, 227, 228; in children,
235; as possible two-step
process, 2. 38
Levan, Albert, 2. 33
Lice, body, as disease carriers, 266;
resistance among, 267, 268-69
Lift (Simpson, Pittendrigh, Tiffany),
210
Lime sulfur, resistance to, 264
Lindane, nitrification affected by, 57;
household use of 175; effects on
nervous system, 196; plant mutations
caused by, 213; and blood disorders,
227, 228, 229, 234
Liver, cellular damage caused by
DDT, 21, 23; diseases of, caused by
chlorinated naphthalenes, 25; function
of, 191; effect of chlorinated
hydrocarbons on, 191-92, 195, 236;
role in sex hormone inactivation,
235-36; damage, and cancer development,
236-37
Long Island, effect of spraying for
gypsy moth on, 158
Louisiana, fish mortality in, 140; reluctance
to sign up for fire ant program
in, 171; sugarcane borer increased
by fire ant chemicals, 255
Lower Klamath Lake, California, 45
Lucky Dragon, tuna vessel, 229
McGill University,
cancer research at,
236
Maine, brush spraying in, 69-70; forest
spraying affects fish in, 135
Maine Department of 1nland Fisheries
and Game, 135
Malaria, flare-ups of, 270. See also
Mosquitoes
Malathion, 30-31, 32, 191; symptoms
of poisoning by, 177; effect on
nervous system, 197
Malaya, resistance of mosquitoes in,
273
Male annihilation programs, 287
Male sterilization technique, 27!r84
Maleic hydrazide, 213
Malformations. See Defects, congenital
Mammals: killed by weeds sprayed
with 2,4-D, 77; killed by aldrin,
90-91, 95, 90-100; killed by dieldrin,
93-94; killed by insecticides
in England, 124; killed by fire ant
program, 165-68; insecticides
found in testes of, 207; effect of
arsenic ingestion on, 223; cancer
research on, 236. See also Antelope,
Beaver, Cats, Coyotes, Deer,
Moose
Mantis, praying, 249, 251
Marigolds, used for combating nematodes,
78-79
Marsh gas, 19
Matagorda Bay, insecticides threaten
waters of, 145, 146
Matthysse, J. G., 116
Max Planck Institute of Cell Physiology,
231
Mayo Clinic, lymph and blood diseases
treated at, 21 7-28
Mealy bugs, 292
Mehner, John, 106, 108
Melander, A. L., 263-64
Melbourne, University of, 198
Melon fly, 287
Mental disease, insecticides linked
with, 197-98
Mental retardation, 215
Mesenteries, protective, 21
Metcalf, Robert, 247
Metchnikoff, Elie, 289
Methane, 19
Methoxychlor, 191, 195-96
Methyl chloride, molecular structure,
19
Methyl-eugenol, 287
Michigan Audubon Society, 90
Michigan State University, robin
population reduced by spraying at,
106-9
Microbial insecticides. See Bacterial
insecticides
Migration, worldwide, of organisms.
10-11.
Milk: human, insecticidal residues in,
23; pesticide residues in, 159-60,
160-70, 179
Milkfish, destroyed by spraying, 144
Milky disease, Japanese beetle, 97-99,
289
Miller, Howard C., 116
Mills, Dr. Herbert R., 147, 148
Minnesota, University of, 78
Miramichi River, 129-30; salmon affected
by DDT spraying, 131-35
Mississippi Agricultural and Experiment
Station, 172
Mites, soil, 55; spider, 252, 254; DDT
spraying leads to increase of, in
western forests, 253; in Nova Scotia,
260
Mitochondria, 201-2
Mitosis, 209-10
Molln, Germany, forest program in,
294
Mongolism, 215
Montana, forest spraying in, 136-37
Montana Fish and Game Department,
136, 137
Moose, 67, 68
Mosquitoes, control of, and problem
of fish conservation, 144; malaria-carrying,
257; genetic effect of
DDT on, 262; as disease transmitters,
266; Culex, 267; resistant to
DDT, 267, 269-70, 273; ultrasonic
sound as weapon against, 287-88.
See also Anopheles
Moth, Argentine, used in weed control,
83
Mothproofing, 174, 175
Mount Johnson Island, 120
Mule deer, 66, 67
Muller, Dr. Hermann J., 209, 211,
279
Muller, Paul, 20
Murphy, Robert Cushman, 103, 159
Mustard gas, 209
Mutagens, 37; chemical, 209, 212-16
Mutations, genetic, 208; caused by
various chemicals, 212-13; caused
by X-rays, 279. See also Genetic
effect
My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Douglas),
67
Naphthalenes, 25,
228
National Audubon Society, 104, 147
National Cancer Institute, 239. See
also Hueper, Dr. W. C.
Natural History Survey. See Illinois
Natural History Survey
Nature, checks and balances of,
246-48
Nematode worms, marigolds used
against, 78-79
Nervous system, effect of insecticides
on, 192-98
New York State, Dutch elm disease
control in, 115-17
New York Times, 176
Newsom, Dr. L. D., 172
Nickell, Walter P., 87
Nicotine sulphate, 16, 260, 261
Nissan 1sland, 257
Nitrification, effect of herbicides on,
57
Nitrophenols, 228
Nova Scotia, biological control of orchard
pests in, 260-61
Nuclear division. See Mitosis
Occupational Tumors (Hueper), 222
Office of Vital Statistics, National,
164, 205, 221, 227
Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation
Department, 143
Oligospermia, crop dusters subject
to, 208
Organic phosphates, 27-32; effects on
nervous system, 192, 195. 196-98
Organisms, worldwide migration of,
10-11
Oxidation, cellular, 200-203; effect
of insecticides upon, 203-7; and
cancer research, 231-33
Oysters, 150-51
Pacific Flyway, 46
Pacific Science Congress, 144
Pallister, John C., 271
Paradichlorobenzene, 228
Paralysis, "ginger," 196-97
Parathion, 28, 29-30, 32, 126-27, 197
Pascal, 177
Pasteur, Louis, 220, 288
Patau, Dr. Klaus, 215
Peanuts, insecticide-contaminated, 60
Pennsylvania, fish mortality in, 140
Penta (pentachlorophenol), 36, 203-4
Pest Control Institute, Springforbi,
Denmark, 273
Pesticides, worldwide distribution of,
15-17; and blocking of process of
oxidation, 204; as mutagens, 209,
212-16; as carcinogens, 222-30; indirect
role in cancer, 237; and upset
of insect populations, 252-57. See
also Chemicals, 1nsecticides, and
various chemicals by name
"Pheasant sickness," 115
Phenols: effect on metabolism, 103;
genetic effects of, 111
Phillip, Captain Arthur, 81
Philippines, fish killed by spraying
in, 144
Phosphates. See Organic phosphates
Phosphorylation, coupled, 203
Pickett, A. D., 259-61
Pittendrigh, Colin S., 210
Plankton, DDD accumulated by, 48;
herbicides toxic to, 150-51
Plant killers. See Herbicides and
Weed killers
Plants, importation of, 11
Pneumonia, chemical, 78
poisoning, pesticide. See Disease,
environmental
poisons, availability of, to homeowners,
174-78
Poitevint, Dr. Otis L., 168-69
Polistes wasp, 251
Pott, Sir Percivall, 220
Price, Dr. David, 188
Prickly pears, insect enemy used to
control, 82-83
Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne,
198
Pyrethrins, 184
Pyrethrum, 16
Quail, 167
Rabinowitch, Eugene, 201
Radiation, 6-7; as uncoupler, 203;
and congenital deformity, 205; effect
on living cell, 208; parallel between
chemicals and, 208-9; and
cancer, 219; sterilization of insects
by, 279-83
Ragweed, 80
Ragwort, sprayed, attractive to livestock,
76
Rangelands, spraying of, 68
Ray, Dr. Francis E., 222
"Reichenstein disease" 223
Reproduction: of birds, adversely affected
by herbicides, 76; of birds,
affected by DDT and related insecticides,
108-9. 120-12, 206, 207,
213; diminished, linked with interference
with biological oxidation,
205
Reservoirs, insecticides in, 50
Residues, chemical, on food, 178- 83
Resistance: of scale insects to lime
sulfur, 264; of blue ticks to BHC,
165; of disease-carrying insects,
267; of houseflies to DDT, 267.
268; of various mosquitoes, 267,
269-70; of houseflies to BHC, 268;
of body lice to DDT, 268-69; of
malaria mosquitoes, 269; of ticks,
270-71; of German cockroaches,
271; of agricultural insects, 271-7 2;
mechanism of, 272-74
Resurgence, insect, 8, 25 2-58
Rhoads, C. P., 236-37
Rhodesia, fish destruction in, 143-44
Rice fields, 1l5-26
Roadside spraying, 69-75
Robins, affected by spraying for
Dutch elm disease, 106-9; reproduction
affected by DDT, 121
Robson, William, 209
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 43
Root borer, banana, 290
Rostand, Jean, quoted, 13
Rotenone, 16, 184
Royal Society for the Protection of
Birds, 123
Royal Victoria Hospital (McGill),
cancer research at, 236
Rudd, Dr. Robert, 12 1
Runner, G. A., 279
Ruppertshofen, Dr. Heinz, 294, 295,
296
Rutstein, Dr. David, 226
Ryania, 184, 261
Sagebrush, tragic consequences of
campaign to destroy, 64-67
St. Johnswort. See Klamath weed
Salmon, Miramichi, affected by DDT
spraying, 129-35; in British Columbia,
killed by spraying, r37-38
San Jose scale, 264
Sardinia, insect resistance in, 267
Satterlee, Dr. Henry S., 58, 59
Sawflies, shrews as aid to control of,
295-96
Scale, San Jose, 264; cotton cushion,
256-57, 292
Schistosoma, 258
Schradan, 34
Schrader, Gerhard, 28
Schweitzer, Albert, quoted, 6
Screw-worms, eradicated through
sterilization, 280-82
Seed treatment, effects of, in England,
122-25; in United States,
125-26
Sex hormones, imbalance of, and cancer
development, 235-37
Sheldon, Illinois, effects of Japanese
beetle eradication program in,
91-94
Shelf paper, insecticide-treated,
174-75
Shellfish, affected by chemicals,
150-51
Shepard, Paul, 12
Shrews, as aid in sawfly control,
295-96
Shrimp, 149-50
"Silo deaths," 78
Simpson, George Gaylord, 210
Single-crop farming, insect problems
in, 10
Sloan-Kettering Institute, 233, 237
Snails, immune to insecticides,
257-5 8
Snow, John, 240
Soil, creation of, 53; organisms,
54-56; impact of pesticides on,
56-57; long persistence of insecticides
in, 57-61
Soot, 17; as containing cancer-producing
agent, 219, 220
Sound, ultrasonic, as weapon against
insects, 287-88
Southeast Asia, mosquito control
programs threaten fish in, 144
Sparrow, house, relative immunity to
some poisons, 166
Spider mites. See Mites
Spiders, as agents for biological control
of insects, 294-95
Spraying, "brush control," 68-72;
selective, 74-75, 81; disastrous
effect on wildlife, 85-87; aerial,
1SS-56; for gypsy moth, 158-61j
modified, 260--61
Springforbi, Denmark, Pest Control
Institute at, 273
Springtails, 55
Steinhaus, Dr. Edward, 291
Sterility: caused by aldrin, 26; of
grebes, 48; caused by insecticide
poisoning, 108-9; of robins, 108-9;
of eagles, 120; experimentally produced
in birds, 21 3
Sterilization: of male insects, as
method of control, 279-84; by
chemicals, 283-84
Strontium 90, 6, 234
Sugarcane borer, heptachlor increases
damage by, 255
Super races, evolution of, 8
Swallows, 111
Swanson, Professor Carl P., 278
Sweeney, Joseph A., 115
Sweet potatoes, BHC-contaminated,
59
Syracuse, New York, Dutch elm disease
in, 116
Syrphid fly, 249
Texas Game and
Fish Commission,
145, 146
Ticks, developing resistance to chemicals,
265, 270-71
Tiffany, L. Hanford, 210
Tiphia vernalis, 96-97, 292
Tobacco, arsenic content of, 58-59
Tobacco hornworm, 287
Toledo, Ohio, Dutch elm disease in,
114-15
"Tolerances," 181-83
Toxaphene, toxic to fish, 41, 139, 140,
145; used against boll weevils, 142;
and blood disorders, 229
Triorthocresyl phosphate, '97
Trout, liver cancer in, 239
Trouvelot, Leopold, 156
Tsetse fly, British experiments to
eradicate, 282
Tule Lake, California, 45
Turkeys, wild, reduced by fire and
program, 167
Turner, Neely, 12
Turner's syndrome, 215
2,4-D, spontaneous formation of,
43-44; nitrification interrupted by,
57; physiological effects, 75-76;
curious effect on livestock, 76-77i
nitrate content of plants increased
by, 77-78; as cause of unplanned
changes in vegetation, 79; as uncoupler,
204; plant mutations
caused by, 213
2,4,5-T, 75
Typhus, DDT used against, 267;
DDT ineffective against, 268-69
Ullyett, G. C, ,
6,
Uncoupling, 203-4
U.S. Department of Agriculture: rulings
on heptachlor, 60; Japanese
beetle program, 91, 92; research on
milky disease, 99; and gypsy moth
control, 157-58; campaign against
fire ants, 162-69, 170-72; on mothproofing,
175; estimates of Japanese
beetle and corn borer damage,
256;on resistance of insects, 275;
and development of male steriliza-
tion techniques, 279, 282-83
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: study
of effects of DDT spraying, 4'; reports
on aldrin, 89; Audubon Field
Notes, 104; concern over parathion,
126; study of bud worm spraying,
136; study of fish with tumors, 239
U.S. Food and Drug Administration:
regulations concerning chemical
residues in food, 141, 179, 180,
182; on pesticide residues in milk,
169; bans use of heptachlor on
foods, 170; on dangers of chlordane,
174; jurisdiction, 181; recommendations
on chemicals with
cancer-producing tendencies, 224,
225
U.S. Forest Service, 67, 136, 253
U.S. Office of Plant 1ntroduction, 11
United States Pharmacopeia, 196
U.S. Public Health Service, 44, 89,
139, 178-79
University of Melbourne, 198
University of Minnesota Medical
School, 78
University of Wisconsin, 113; Agricultural
Experiment Station, 78; research
in chromosome abnormality,
215
Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 45
Urbana, Illinois, Dutch elm disease
in, 114
Urethane, 212; as cancer-producing
agent, 235
Vedalia beetle, 256-57,
292
Vegetation, roadside, spraying of,
68-72; importance of, 72-73; selective
spraying of, 74-75
Viruses, as substitute for chemical insecticides,
290-91
Vitamins, protective role against cancer,
236-37
Wald, George, 199
Wallace, Dr. George, 106, 107, 108,
112, 121
Waller, Mrs. Thomas, 159
Warblers, 111
Warburg, Professor Otto, 231-32
Wasp, Tiphia vernalis, 96-97, 292;
muddauber, 149; horseguard, 249;
Polistes, 151
Water: pollution by pesticides, 39-51;
salt-shore, pesticidal pollution of,
146-51: polluted by detergents,
138-39' See also Fish
Waterford, Connecticut, trees injured
by spraying at, 71
Waterfowl, spraying a threat to,
45-46, 148
Webworms, biological warfare against,
190, 191
Weed control, insect enemies used
for, 81-83
Weed killers, 34-36, 68-71. See also
Crabgrass and Herbicides
Weevil, strawberry root, 60; boll,
141-41
West Virginia, bird population reduced
in, 104
Wheeler Reservoir, Alabama, 141
Whiskey Stump Key, Florida, 147
Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, decline of
warblers in, 111
Wild cherry, sprayed, fatally attractive
to livestock. 76
Wildlife losses from pesticides,
85-87: in Japanese beetle spraying,
90, 91, 93, 95: in Dutch elm disease
spraying, 106-14: in England,
111-15; in rice fields, 115-16; in
forest spraying, 131-31, 134,
135-39. See also Fish, Birds, Mammals,
and various species
Winge, Ojvind, 134
Wisconsin, University of, 113; Agricultural
Experiment Station, 78;
chromosome research at, 215
Woodcocks, 110, 166-67
Woodticks, 170
World Health Organization, anti-malarial
campaigns of, 25;
Venezuelan cats killed by spraying
of, 94; and problem of insect resistance,
265, 266
X-ray,
sterilization of insects by,
279-83
Yellow fever, Rare-ups of,
270 Yellow
jackets, 249
Yellowstone River, fish destruction
in, 136
RACHEL CARSON (1907-1964)
spent most of her professional life
as a marine biologist with the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. By the
late 1950s, she had written three
lyrical, popular books about the
sea, including the best-selling The
Sea Around Us, and had become
the most respected science writer
in America. She completed Silent
Spring against formidable personal
odds and despite critical attacks
that echoed the assault on Charles
Darwin when he published The
Origin of Species, and with it shaped
a powerful social movement that
has altered the course of history.
Despite the enormous impact of Silent Spring, Carson remained
modest about her accomplishment; as she wrote to a friend, "The
beauty of the living world I was trying to save has always been
uppermost
in my mind -- that, and anger at the senseless, brutish things that
were being done ... Now I can believe I have at least helped a little."
Among the many honors and awards Carson received during her
lifetime were the National Book Award, for The Sea Around Us (1951);
a Guggenheim fellowship (1951-1952); the John Burroughs Medal
(1952
; the Henry G. Bryant Gold Medal (1952); the Women's National
Book Association Constance Lindsay Skinner Award (1963);
the Conservationist of the Year Award from the National Wildlife
Federation (1963); and a Gold Medal from the New York Zoological
Society (1963).
Rachel Carson lived in Silver Spring, Maryland, until her
untimely
death.
***
"The cornerstone of the new environmentalism ... well
crafted, fearless, and succinct." -- PETER MATTH1ESSEN
***
Rarely does a single book alter the course of history, but Rachel
Carson's Silent Spring did exactly that. The outcry that followed its
publication in 1962 forced the banning of DDT and spurred revolutionary
changes in the laws affecting our air, land, and water. Carson's
passionate concern for the future of our planet reverberated powerfully
throughout the world, and her eloquent book was instrumental
in launching the environmental movement. It is without question
one of the landmark books of the twentieth century.
This edition includes an afterword by the author and scientist
Edward O. Wilson. The introduction, by the acclaimed biographer
Linda Lear, tells the story of Carson's courageous defense of her
truths in the face of a ruthless assault from the chemical industry
following
the publication of Silent Spring and before her untimely death.
***
RACHEL CARSON, 1907-1964, spent a good deal of her professional
life as a marine biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Her
first three books -- Under the Sea-Wind, The Sea Around Us, and The Edge of the
Sea -- established her reputation as a first-rate writer on the natural
world.
EDWARD O. WILSON is the author of two
Pulitzer Prize-winning
books, On Human Nature and The Ants. His most recent book is The
Creation, An Appeal to Save Life on Earth.
L1NDA LEAR is the author of Rachel Carson, Witness for Nature.
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