|
Index
"1980s Project"
(Council on Foreign
Relations) 75, 76
AAFLI (Asian-American Free Labor
Institute) 135, 137
Abrams, Elliot 168, 170, 180
Acheson, Dean 120
active consent
and hegemony 21
Adams, Alvin P. 281-2
Adams, John 350
ADIH (Haitian Industrialists Association)
274-5, 277, 285
Adrien, Father Antoine 309
Afghanistan 92
AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-
Congress of Industrial Organizations)
90, 95, 96
and the Soviet bloc 322
Africa
democracy promotion operations 332,
333
US interventionism in 14
agrarian reform
in Chile 165
in Nicaragua 246--7
in the Philippines 137-8, 142-4
AID (Agency for International
Development) 48, 55-6, 82, 89, 93, 96,
98, 100, 365
and Chile 184-5
and Haiti 270, 271, 272, 279, 286, 287,
288-9, 292, 295, 296, 297, 309
and Nicaragua 225, 226, 241, 242, 243,
244-5, 246--7;Strategy Statement 250,
251, 254
and the Philippines 140, 143
and South Africa 330-1
AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor
Development)
and Haiti 288-9
and Nicaragua 227, 234
Alessandri, Arturo 186
Alessandri, Jorge 157, 159
Alford, Robert 48, 52, 53
Algeria 113
Allen, Richard 90
Allende, Salvador 69, 87, 146, 156, 157,
159-63, 167, 218, 232
Alliance for Progress 48, 157-8, 269
Almond, Gabriel 46
Amnesty International 376
ANC (African National Congress) 327,
328, 329, 331
Angola 111, 328
APF (American Political Foundation)
89-91
APN (National Popular Assembly, Haiti)
282
Aquino, Benigno 123, 126
Aquino, Corazon 126, 127, 128-9, 130,
138-9, 140, 141, 142, 143, 225
Arbenz, Jacobo 87
Aristide, Father Jean-Bertrand 108, 257,
273, 280, 281, 284, 287, 288
government 290-2, 293, 295-6, 314
ousted by coup 297-302, 304
return to power 305-11
Armitage, Richard 142
Arriagada, Genaro 174, 176, 183
Arrocha, Plutarco 224
associations
and the CIA 86
asymmetry in international relations 18
and hegemony 23-5
Augelli, Enrico 30, 77
authoritarianism/ authoritarian regimes
and coercive domination 66
collapse of 16
and consensual domination 22
and democracy SO, 51
and democracy promotion 112-13
and democratization movements 63--4
and the global economy 37, 38
in Haiti 294
in the Philippines 122, 123-4
and popular democracy 60
and regimented democracy 83-4
social authoritarianism 376
and "trade-offs" 65
transition to polyarchy 66-8, 73, 100,
105-6
US alliances with 15, 76-7
and Western democracy 218
see also dictatorships
autonomy, limits of state 163--4
AVEC (Neighborhood and Community
Action Group, Chile) 186-9, 191
Avril, General Prosper 281, 282
Aylwin, Patricio 147, 160-1, 163, 176, 178,
183, 185-6, 191
govemmentof195, 196, 199-200
Bachrach, Peter 50
background of US foreign policy
structural analysis of 21
Baker, James 235, 238
Ballantyne, Janet 243
Barnes, Harry 168, 194
Barnet, Richard J. 32, 33, 36, 317, 368
Barros, Robert 384
Bazin, Marc 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292,
301, 303
Beaulac, Willard 209
behavioral analysis 5-6, 10, 20, 21, 115
and the Gramscian construct of
hegemony 24--5
of the Philippines 124
Belli, Humberto 243
Bello, Walter 141
Bentham, Jeremy 351
Berlander, Leopold 285-6, 287
bipartisanship 98
Blandon, Francis 244
Boeninger, Edgardo 175-6, 177, 195, 199
Bolivar, Simon 259
Bosworth, Stephen 124, 125
Boulos, Reginald 305
Bowdler, William 214
Brazil 87
Brezezinski, Zbignew 90, 211
452
Brock, William 90
Brookings Institute 89
Bryan, William Jennings 264
Buchanan, James 204
Buchi, Heman 185
bureaucratic conservatism
and political development theories 48
Burgess, John W. 45
Burton, Sandra 140
Bush, George 122, 225, 226, 237, 237-8
and Haiti 292, 298, 303, 304, 315
and South Africa 329
Business International 121
businesses
Chile 181-2; US involvement in 158-9,
160
and the CIA 86
and democracy promotion 103
Nicaragua 213
in the Philippines 131
Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha 329, 330, 331
Butler, General Smedley D. 266
Byroade, Henry 121
CAPEL (Center for Electoral Assistance
and Promotion) 185
capital accumulation
capitalism and polyarchy 357-8, 360,
362
Haiti 261, 276-7
South Africa 320
and Soviet-bloc countries 321
capitalism
"crony": in Nicaragua 211-12; in the
Philippines 122, 123, 125, 140
and democracy 10, 54--5, 339-63; and
globalization 318-19; historical
perspective on 348-52
foreign capital in Haiti 260-70
and globalization 31-3, 35-6, 346-8,
378-9, 380-1, 384-5
and hegemony 381
and Nicaragua 254--5
and polyarchy 356-61, 375-6
and popular democracy 60
role of states in stabilizing 346
and the world system 18-20
see also transnational capital
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy
(Schum peter) 51
capitalist polyarchy
promoting 56
Caribbean
democracy promotion operations 332
Caribbean Basin Initiative 270
Carter administration
and Chile 167
and Haiti 269, 308
and Nicaragua 213-15, 219, 226
and the Philippines 122
and South Africa 328
Casey, William 125, 322
Casimir, Jean 313, 314-15
CATH (Autonomous Federation of
Haitian Workers) 283, 289
Catholic Church
Haiti 273, 282
Nicaragua 225, 243
Catholic University, Chile 177-8
CDJ (Center for Youth Development,
Chile) 191-2
CDRH (Human Resources Development
Center, Haiti) 285
CDT (Democratic Workers Conference,
Chile) 190-1
Cedras, Raoul 280, 292, 308, 310
CEFOJ (Centro de Formacion Juvenil,
Nicaragua) 228, 233, 244
Center for Democracy (CFD) 95, 130, 226,
235, 242, 305, 324, 325
Center for Democracy and Governance
100
Cesar, Alfredo 226
CFD (Center for Democracy) 95, 130, 226,
235, 242, 305, 324, 325
CHADEL 288, 292
Chamorro, Emiliano 205
Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin 212-13, 225
Chamorro, Violeta 222, 225, 235, 237-8,
239, 245
Channel, Carl "Spitz" 187
"Chicago Boys" team 165-6
Chile 9, 16, 17, 29, 63, 64, 66, 79, 113, 114,
145, 146-200
Allende government 69, 87, 146, 156,
157, 15~, 167, 218, 232
AVEC (Neighborhood and Community
Action Group) 186-9, 191
Catholic University 177-8, 183
Center for Development Studies 175-6
Center for Public Studies 176, 182
"Chicago Boys" team 165-6
Christian Democratic Party (POC) 147,
159, 160-1, 163, 174, 176, 179-80, 183
and the CIA 86-7
comparative perspective 333-9
compared with Haiti 164, 257
compared with Nicaragua 164, 171, 215,
240
compared with the Philippines 194
compared with South Africa 330
and counter-hegemony 384
debt management 197-8
democracy promotion in 167-93, 196
democracy and social order in 68-9
economy 196-9
elections/ electoral intervention 130, 154,
156-7, 186, 193, 201
electoral system 154
elite 153-4, 162-3, 175-86
exports 198-9
and the global economy 148-9
MAPU (Movement of United Popular
Action) 158
military coup (1973) 146, 159, 162
mining industry 156
National Accord for the Transition to
Democracy 181
Participa 184, 185
Pinochet regime 66, 87, 164, 167, 168,
169-75, 184, 193-5, 196
plebiscite (1980) 172-3
political operations in 175-93
political parties 106, 155, 171, 172-3,
174-5, 181, 183, 185-6
polyarchy tradition in 153--5
preventive democracy and preemptive
reform 201-2
redemocratization 147, 148, 150-1, 152,
153, 164
rural sector 156
School for Democracy 180
transitions in 108, 109
US domination in 155-9
youth movements 191-2
Christopher, Warren 308
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 86-8,
89, 90, 92, 94, 109
and Chile 156, 161, 180
and Haiti 269, 279-80, 300, 303, 304
and Nicaragua 222, 231, 232
and the Philippines 119, 120, 125
and the Soviet bloc 322, 323
CIP (Commodity Import Program)
Nicaragua 246, 249
CIPE (Center for International Private
Enterprise) 95, 131
and Chile 181-2
Civic Culture, The (Almond and Verba) 46
civic opposition front
Nicaragua 223, 226-31, 233
civil society
and the CIA 87
and consensual domination 71
and electoral processes 110
civil society (cont.)
global 6, 7, 10, 38-40
and the global economy 6, 7, 38-40
and the Gramscian concept of
hegemony 22-3, 28
Haiti 263, 276-8, 280, 296-7, 312, 315;
attempted destruction of 297-305
"institution-building" in 85
and NED democracy promotion
operations 333
Nicaragua 221
and political development theories 48
and popular democracy 58
and power 27, 28-9
and reconstituting democracy 69
and regimented democracy 84
"c1ass cleansing"
in Haiti 302-3
class conflict
Chile 154-5
Nicaragua 209
class formation
global 34-5, 100
class model
and globalization 366, 367
class restructuring
Nicaragua 248
class structure
global 75, 382-3
Clausewitz, Carl von 81
CLEO (Centre for Free Enterprise and
Democracy, Haiti) 305
client regimes
and US foreign policy 6
Clinton administration
and Haiti 307, 315
CNT (National Workers Command, Chile)
189, 190
coercive diplomacy 78-9
in Nicaragua 235
coercive domination
and authoritarian regimes 66
and the Gramscian concept of
hegemony 21, 22, 30
and peripheral polyarchy 363
and transitions to polyarchy 64
Cohen, Carl 58
Colby, William E. 88, 112, 160
Cold War
and the CIA 86
and neo-conservatism 76
and US foreign policy 1
and US interventionism 14-16
colonialism
Haiti (Saint-Domingue) 258-64
454
Columbus, Christopher 203, 258
Columbus, Diego 258
communications
Nicaragua, utilizing transnational
231-5
programs 78, 104
in promoting polyarchy 98-9
Communist Party
Philippines 121, 123, 133
Conable, Barber 238
Conference on Security and Cooperation
in Europe 373
Congo 87
consensual domination
civil society and the state 71
and democracy programs in Chile 188
and global civil society 39
and the global economy 37, 38
and the Gramscian concept of
hegemony 6, 21, 22, 30
and Haiti 294, 311-16
and polyarchy 59-60, 64, 360
consensus-ereating processes 22
in Chile 176-80
Constant, Emmanuel 304
consumerism
culture-ideology of 378
contested social orders
polyarchy and popular democracy as
59~
controlled demilitarization 65-6
Coolidge, Calvin 208
Coolidge, John 205
core-periphery relations
changes in 19
and hegemony 23, 24
COSEP (Superior Council of Private
Enterprise, Nicaragua) 222, 224
Council on the Americas 95, 97
Council on Foreign Relations 75, 177
Chile Study Group 177
counter-hegemonic bloc 381-5
in Nicaragua 221
covert political warfare 79
Cox, Robert W. 30, 33, 38, 39
on organic intellectuals 43
CPT (Permanent Congress of Workers,
Nicaragua) 227, 228, 230, 243
Crisis of Democracy (1975 Trilateral
Commission Report) 13, 38, 68, 69, 70,
148, 351
Crozier, Michael 69
Cuba 118, 148, 210
democracy promotion programs 105-6
culture-ideology of consumerism 40
CUT (Unified Workers Federation, United
Workers Central, Chile) 189, 190-1
Dahl, Robert 49, 51, 359
Davis, Nathaniel 161
De Klerk, F. 329
debt management
Chile 197-8
Nicaragua 245-6
see also foreign debt
Dejoie, Louis 290
Delphi International Group 184, 187, 188,
191, 192
and Nicaragua 224, 227, 228, 229, 230,
232, 244
demilitarization
controlled 65-6
democracy 2, 4, 6, 14, 49-52
as an essentially contested concept 49
"breakdown" of 68, 147
and capitalism 10, 54-5, 339-i>3;
historical perspective on 348-52;
theoretical perspective on 352-4
classic definition of SO, 51, 57
high-intensity, and the Sandinista
government in Nicaragua 215-19
ideology of liberal 349-52
imperialism and the state 346-8
institutional definition of 49, 51
"moral principle" of 248, 249
participatory 58-9
"political formula" of 248, 249
polyarchic definition of 51, 52
popular 56-62
and postwar foreign policy 15
reconstituting 6&-70, 76
redefinition of 50-1
regimented 83-4
and socialism 384
strengthening institutions of 107
struggles for 63
and US foreign policy 10-11
Western 218
see also low-intensity democracy;
participatory democracy
Democracy in Developing Countries
(Diamond) 45, 54
democracy promotion 4-5, &-7, 7-8, 9-10,
115
agencies 364-5
and behavioural analysis of hegemony
24-5
in Chile 167-93, 196
and civil society 69, 70; and power 28-9
and the concept of polyarchy 49-52
Index
creation of 16
developing personal and institutional
ties 107-8
and education 107
and globalization 4, 8, 9, 335-6
Haiti 263, 273
and leadership training 107
and the media 103, 104
modality of 101-8
and the NED 95-7
in Nicaragua 202, 221, 231-5, 255
and political development theories 48
and political parties 101-2, 105-6
and polyarchy 318-19
and popular democracy 62, 64
and trade unions 102-3, 106
and transnational elites 34-5
and US foreign policy 11-12, 112-16
US operations worldwide 332-3
and the world system 19, 20
democratization
controlling and limiting 62-6
literature 149
movements 11, 63, 71-2; in Chile 168-9,
181-2; in Haiti 273; in the Philippines
119-20, 129
prospects for the Third World 344-5
theory 44, 52-6, 65
Deronceray, Hubert 286
D'Escoto, Father Miguel 219
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques 259
destabilization campaign, in Nicaragua
219-22
Developing Democracy (Douglas) 83-5
Diamond, Larry45, 54, 55
D1az, Adolfo 205, 206, 207
dictatorships
and coercive domination 22, 30
and democratization movements 63
and the global economy 37
military, Latin America 14~7, 148,
149-53
Pinochet (Chile) 66, 87, 164, 167, 168,
169-75, 184, 193-5, 196
Somoza (Nicaragua) 66, 76, 122, 202,
209-15
and US foreign policy 15, 16, 7&-7
see also authoritarian regimes
division of labor
international 31, 75-6
sexual 104; in Nicaragua 229; in the
Philippines 134
Doherty, William 177
Domhoff, G. William 26, 27, 34
Dominican Republic 109, 111
Douglas, William A. 83-5, 102, 110
Duran, Julio 157
Duvalier dictatorship (Haiti) 66, 108, 122,
256, 260, 267-73
removal from power 273-9
and trade unions 289
Dye, Thomas R. 26, 43, 97
Eastern Europe
US political intervention in 325
Easton, David 46, 47
economic aid 80, 82
Chile 156, 158, 160, 166-7, 170-1
Haiti 269-71, 275, 279
Nicaragua 210-11, 215, 240, 242,
244-50
Philippines 120, 122, 124, 139
Soviet bloc 326
economic inequalities, see socioeconomic
inequalities
economic modernization
and democracy 70
economic ownership
of the means of production 382
economic policies
Chile 196-9
Haiti 271
Nicaragua 229, 237-8, 241, 254-5
Reaganomics 76
see also global economy; neo-Iiberalism
education
and democracy promotion 107
Nicaragua 248-9
Einaudi, Luigi 237
EI Salvador 109, 111
elections/electoral intervention 108-12
Chile 130, 154, 156-7, 186, 193, 201
controlIing and limiting democratization
65
fraudulent 111, 113, 209, 210
free and fair 111-12
Haiti 257, 279, 280-2, 289-90, 291
Nicaragua 3, 96, 111, 130, 202, 207-8,
209, 210; 1990 elections 234-9; opinion
polling 233-4; and the Sandinistas
216, 221-2; US electoral intervention
226; and women 229
Philippines 125-9, 130-1, 144-5
and popular democracy 58-9
elites
Chile 153--4, 162-3; reconstituting
consensus 175-80; unifying and
organizing 18Q-6
Haiti 261-2, 263, 274-5, 285, 289, 293,
299, 307; black 267-8; mulatto 265,
456
267, 268, 300; versus popular classes
276-8
Nicaragua 206, 207, 209, 212-13, 220-1;
anti-Sandinista 222-35; reconstituting
240, 241, 242-3
Northern and Southern, and
globalization 374
Philippines 118-19, 120, 122, 123, 131,
139
see also local elites; transnational elites
Enlightenment
and liberal democracy 350
Enrile, Juan Ponce 128
"equity trade-off" 64
Errazuriz, Havier 185
Estanislao, Jesus 140
Estime, Dumarsais 267
Eugene, Gregoire 286
European Community 364
Evans, Peter 34
expansive hegemony 278
exports
Chile 198-9
extended state
and hegemony 21, 22-3, 28, 315, 367-8,
370
Fahrenkopf, Frank 90
Farnham, Roger L. 266
FascelI, Dante 90, 91
fascism
and democracy 50, 51
Ferguson, James 278
Fils, Louis Dejoie 286
F1etes, Adiin 226
Flores, Herno1187, 191
foreground of US foreign policy
behavioral analysis of 21
foreign debt
Latin America 151
and the Philippines 140
see also debt management
Foreign Policy Association
SATRO report 328
Foxley, Alejandro 196
Frank, Andre Gunder 263
FRAPH (Front for the Advancement and
Progress of Haiti) 304
Free Congress Foundation 324, 325
free market, and democracy 54-5
"Freedom Academy" 89
Freedom House 95, 97, 178
and Nicaragua 232, 234
Frei, Eduardo 157-8, 163, 183, 186
French Revolution 349, 350
Fresno, Francisco, Archbishop of Santiago
173, 181
Friedland, Roger 48, 52, 53
FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation
Front) 111, 113, 202-3, 212-22, 224,
233, 236
and the 1990 electoral defeat 240--1
as opposition party 253-4
FTUI (Free Trade Union Institute) 95, 106,
135, 136-7
and Chile 189, 191
and Haiti 288
and Nicaragua 227-8
and South Africa 331
Fuenzalida, Edmundo F. 33, 366
Fukuyama, Francis 5
GABRIELA (Philippines women's
organization) 132
Gallie, W.B. 49
Gardner, Lloyd C. 18
Gayard, Colonel Octave 286
Gershman, Carl 1-2, 67, 85, 108, 323, 333
Gershman, John 141, 177, 224
Gill, Stephen 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 69, 77, 366,
370, 380
Gilpin, Robert 368, 372-3
global economy 31-41, 115
centrally planned 368-70
and Chile 148-9
and the collapse of the Soviet bloc 326
and democracy promotion 103-4
emergence of 4, 8, 74
and global political and civil society 6, 7
and Haiti 272
and the internationalized state 367
and Nicaragua 211, 218, 245-6, 247-8
and North-South relations 19, 345
and the Philippines 123, 134, 140
and popular democracy 60
"post-market" 368-9
and South Africa 332
and supranational institutions 372-3
and US foreign policy 77
global interventionism
as post-war US policy 14-15
globalization
and capitalism 31-3, 35-6, 346-8, 378-9,
380-1, 385-6
and civil society 38-40
and a counter-hegemonic bloc 383
and democracy promotion 4, 8, 9,
335-6
and economic inequalities 339-44
and hegemony 30-1
Index
and the "imperial state" 68
and polyarchy 363-5
polyarchy and world order 374
and redemocratization 150-1
and South Africa 319-20, 326-32
and the Soviet bloc 319-26
as system change 363-80
and transnational hegemony 366
and the world system 20
Godoy, Oscar 183
Godoy, Virgilio 225
Gorbachev, Mikhail 325
Gramsci, A. 62, 63, 352
concept of hegemony 6, 21-4, 30, 39, 52,
76, 381; democracy and capitalism
353-4; and democratization theory 54;
and the extended state 21, 22-3, 28,
315, 367-8, 370; and Haiti 257, 294,
311; and institutions 85; in Nicaragua
214; polyarchy and capitalism 359
model of international relations 4, 9; and
regime transitions 10; and the world
system 17-31
and Mosca 348
and organic intellectuals 41, 42
on the state and civil society 152, 277
Greece 109
Greer, Frank 184
Grenada 17
Guatemala 17, 87, 109, 210
Guerre, Rockefeller 286
Gulf War (1991) 379
Habib, Philip 127
Haig, Alexander 76, 78
Haiti 9, 16. 29, 63. 64. 66. 79, 256-316
army 310
Association of Haitian Journalists 288
blood plasma scandal 263-4
CATH (Autonomous Federation of
Haitian Workers) 283
CDRH (Human Resources Development
Center) 285
Celebration 2004 288
civil society 263, 276-8.280, 296-7, 312,
315; attempted destruction of
297-305
CLEO (Center for Free Enterprise and
Democracy) 305
comparative perspective 333-9
compared with Chile 164, 257
compared with South Africa 330
and counter-hegemony 384
Democracy Enhancement Project 295-7,
305, 311, 314
Haiti (cont.)
Duvalier dictatorship 66, 108, 122, 256,
260, 267-73; removal from power
273-9; and trade unions 289
elites 261-2, 263, 274-5, 285, 289, 293,
299, 307; black 267-8; mulatto 265,
267, 268, 300; versus popular classes
276-8
Group ofTen 286-7
KONAKOM (National Congress of
Democratic Movements) 282, 284, 313
Lavalas movement 284, 286, 290, 295,
307, 311-14
MIDH (Movement to lnstall Democracy
in Haiti) 287
military dictatorship 257
peasant movements 283-4
political aid 285-97
race and class dynamics 262-3
Saint-Domingue colony 258-64
and social reform 293-4
SOFA (Haitian Women's Solidarity) 283
Ti Leliz283
transitions in 108, 113, 114
US invasion (1994) 305-11
US marine occupation 264-7
and US refugee policy 299-300, 303
VSN (Volunteers of National Security)
268-9
Haitian American Sugar Company
(HASCO)266
Haitian Industrialists Association (ADIH)
274-5, 277, 285
Haitian lnternationallnstitute for Research
and Development (lHRED) 285-6, 287
Halperin, Morton 100
Hamilton, Nora 163-4
HASCO (Haitian American Sugar
Company) 266
hegemony 21-5
Asian 369
counter-hegemonic bloc 381-5
and democratization theory 54, 55-6
end of 12
and global capitalism 376
and global civil society 39
Gramscian concept of 6, 21-4, 28, 30, 39,
52, 54, 76, 381; capitalism and
polyarchy 359; democracy and
capitalism 353-4; and the extended
state 21, 22-3, 28, 315, 367-8, 370; and
Haiti 257, 278, 294; in Nicaragua 214,
221
ideological 21, 30, 38, 107
intellectual 45
458
international 30-1
and promoting democracy 2-3, 4, 85
transnational 365-74
of transnational capital 77
and US foreign policy 16
US as last "hegemon" 3(i5-6
see also consensual domination;
leadership
Herrera, Ernesto 137
high-intensity democracy
and the Sandinista government in
Nicaragua 215-19
history
end of3, 5
Hobbes, Thomas 350, 351
Honorat, Jean-Jacques 288, 292, 303
human rights
and Haiti 292, 298, 302, 303
in the Philippines 144
US policy in Nicaragua 214-15
US violations of 376
humanitarian aid 82
Huntington, Samuel 49-50, 51, 54-5, 68,
351
Political Order in Changing Societies 70
on polyarchy and the world system 362
ICITAP (International Criminal
Investigations Training and
Assistance Program) 310
ideological hegemony 21, 30, 38, 107
ideology
and organic intellectuals 43
IFES (International Federation for Electoral
System) 230
IHRED (Haitian International Institute for
Research and Development) 285-6,
287
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 36,
151, 244-5, 246, 326, 365, 372
immediate policyrnaking community 27-8,
42 "imperial state" 68, 164
imperialism 23
democracy and the state 346-8
INCAE (Central American Institute of
Business Administration) 248-9
income distribution
global 340-1, 347
individual policymakers
and US foreign policy 5
Indochina, US defeat in 74, 86, 89, 202
"institution-building" programs 82, 85-6
intellectuals, see organic intellectuals
International Labor Organization 120
interventionism
and democracy promotion 29
in Nicaragua 215
interventionist impulse
in US foreign policy 18
IPCE (Institute for Electoral Promotion
and Training) 226
Iran 66, 67
and the CIA 87
collapse of Shah's regime 74, 87
Iran-Contra scandal 89, 91, 92, 96, 187, 221
Iraq 87
151 (import-substitution industrialization)
149-50, 151, 152, 182
ISTRA (Institute for the Transition, Chile)
191-2
Italy 109
Ives, Kim 301
Jamaica 17
Jarpa, Sergio Onofre 181
Jilberto, Alex Fernandez 152
Jimenez, Monica 183, 184
John Paul II, Pope 173, 225
Johnson, Lyndon B. 89
Journal of Democracy 99, 145
KABATID (Philippines women's
organization) 126, 131-4, 135, 138
Kaplan, Philip 127
Karl, Terry Lynn 69
Katzenback Commission 89
Kemble, Eugenia 106
Kennan, George 1, 2, 81
Kenya 113
Keynesianism 346, 375
Kirkland, Lane 90
Kirkpatrick, Jeanne 7fr-7, 78
Kissinger, Henry 68, 90, 146, 160, 179, 201,
242, 282, 292
Knox, Clinton 269
Knox, Philader Chase 206, 207-8
labor structure
and globalization 342-3
see also division of labor; trade unions
Lacayo, Antonio 241
Lagos, Ricardo 171
land reform, see agrarian reform
Lande, Carl H. 141-2
Lansing, Robert 256
Latin America
democracy promotion operations 332
elections in 111
military dictatorships 14fr-7, 148, 149-53
Index
peripheral polyarchy in 363
poverty in 377
"social cleansing" in 377
transitions to democracy 109
US interventionism in 14, 15
see also Chile; Nicaragua
Laurel, Salvador "Doy" 12fr-7, 137
Laxalt, Senator Paul 125
leadership
training 107
women-citizen leaders in the Philippines
133-4
Lenin, V.I. 346, 347, 384
Leonard, John 224
Lescot, Elie 267
liberal democracy
ideology of 349-52
liberalism
and globalization 366-7
Linowitz Report 148
Linz, Juan 45, 54, 55
Lipset, Seymour Martin 45, 54, 55, 347
local elites
Chile 162-3
and democracy promotion 108
Haiti 271
see also elites
Locke, John 350, 351
L'Ouverture, Toussaint 259
low-intensity conflict/warfare 80-1, 82, 92
in Nicaragua 219-22, 239
low-intensity democracy 4, 6, 355
in Haiti 314
in Nicaragua 202
and peripheral polyarchy 363
Lugar, Senator Richard 130
McKinely, Brunson 281
McKinley, William 117
McManaway, Ambassador 275
macro-structural-historical framework
10
Madison, James 350
Magloire, Colonel Paul 267, 268
Manatt, Charles 90
Mandela, Nelson 329-30, 332
Manigat, Leslie 281, 286
Mannheim, Karl 41, 48
Marcos, Ferdinand 66, 117, 121-2, 123,
124-5, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 138
Marcos, Imelda 122
Marx, Karl 28, 41, 346, 348, 367, 380
Marxists, and asymmetrical relationships
18
Matamoros, Silviano 226
media
and the CIA 86
and promoting polyarchy 98-9, 103, 104
Mexico 111, 163-4
Michel, Smarck 309
Middle East
US interventionism in 14
MIDH (Movement to Install Democracy in
Haiti) 287
military aid 80
Chile 156, 161, 167, 195
Haiti 269
Nicaragua 210, 213-14, 215, 219, 235-7,
249-SO
Philippines 120, 122, 124, 128, 139, 141-2
military dictatorships
Haiti 257
Latin America 146-7, 148, 149-53
military intervention
in Nicaragua 207
and promoting polyarchy 100
Mill, James 351
Mm, John Stuart 351
Miller, Richard 187
Milliband, Ralph 26, 59, 102
Mills, C. Wright 13-14, 26
minority rule
capitalism and democracy 348-9
MMN (Nicaraguan Women's Movement)
229, 233, 244
MNC (Nicaraguan Women of Conceincia)
244
modem world system 3, 263
modernization
and democratization theory 52
economic, ~d democracy 70
and political development theories 44-8
Molina, Sergio 183, 192, 193
Monroe Doctrine 203, 205
Moore, Barrington 1, 356-7
Morgenthau, Hans 367
Morley, Morris 68, 161-2, 166
Mosca, Gaetano 13, SO, 51, 63, 348
Moscoso, Teodoro 158
motivational subjectivism 10
Mozambique 328
Mulford, David 374
Muller, Edward 344
Muller, Ronald E. 32, 33, 36, 317, 368
multicausality
in methodology 8
Munck, Ronaldo 151
Murphy, Craig 77
NAMFREL 130, 133, 134, 137
460
Namphy, Henri 274, 275, 279, 281
nation-states
and asymmetries of power 25
and globalization 20, 36, 366-7, 372,
377
and hegemony 368, 370, 371-2
and supranational institutions 373
and transnational capital 380
National Endowment for Democracy
(NED) 1-2
National Security Council, see NSC
national sovereignty
and popular democracy 61-2
NOI (National Democratic Institute for
International Affairs) 95, 101
and Chile 180-1, 183
and Haiti 287, 289, 297, 305
and Nicaragua 223, 224, 230, 233
and the Philippines 130, 135
NED (National Endowment for
Democracy) 81, 83, 84, 88-9, 92-100,
112, 364, 365
and Chile 167, 175, 176, 177, 179-80, 183,
184-5; AVEC 188-9; "Democratic
Action in Slum Areas" 186-7; trade
unions 189-91
core groups 95
and covert operations 94
democracy promotion operations 95-7,
332-3
funding 93, 100
and Haiti 279, 285, 286, 287, 288-9, 297,
303
interlocking directorates 97-8
and Nicaragua 222, 223-4, 226, 227, 228,
229-30; electoral observation 234, 235;
transnational communications 231,
232, 233
and the Philippines 126, 131, 132, 134-5,
136
regional programs 332
and South Africa 320, 326, 330-1
and the Soviet bloc 322, 323, 324
structure 93-100
neo-conservatism 76
neo-liberalism
and Chile 165-6, 182-3, 199-200
and controlled demilitarization 66
and a counter-hegemonic bloc 381-2
and democracy 70
and democracy promotion 103
and the global economy 35-7
and Haiti 308-10
and inequality 343
and military dictatorships 150, 152-3
and Nicaragua 202, 203, 241-1, 243, 245,
248-9, 250, 252-3, 254-5
and the Philippines 122, 130, 131, 140-1
and political development theory 48
and polyarchy 335, 339-45
and South Africa 330
Nerette, Joseph 300
Neuhaus, Richard John 201
new world order
emergence of 2
posovarconceptof14
reconstructing foreign policy 74-8
newspapers
El Murcurio (Chile) 232
La Epoca (Chile) 184
La Prensa (Nicaragua) 222, 232, 238
Nicaragua 9, 11, 16, 17, 29, 63, 66, 79, 113,
114, 201-55
Chamorro government 241-2, 251, 252-3
CIP (Commodity Import Program) 246,
249
civic opposition front 223, 226-31, 233
colonial rule in 203-5
comparative perspective 333-9
compared with Chile 164, 171, 215, 240
compared with Haiti 275
compared with the Philippines 122, 124,
126, 142, 210, 212, 213, 215, 225, 240
Contra army 219-20, 221, 222, 231, 235,
235--7, 252
and counter-hegemony 384
economy 220
education 248-9
elections/electoral intervention 3, 96,
111, 130, 202, 207-8, 209, 210
elites 206, 207, 209, 212-13, 220-1; anti-
Sandinista 222-35; reconstituting 240,
241, 242-3
EPS (Sandinista People's Army) 240,
249-50
High Commission 206; and lowintensity
conflict 92
National Guard 209, 210, 211, 213-14,
219, 275
political opposition coalition, creating
and funding 223-6
preventive democracy and preemptive
reform 202-3; failure of 211-15
and the Reagan Doctrine 78
revolution (1979) 67, 74, 148, 202
Sandinista government 111, 113, 202-3,
212-22; and the 1990 elections 236-7,
238, 240-1; and high-intensity
democracy 215--19;stabilization
measures 251-2
Index
Sandino rebellion 208-9
Somoza dictatorship 66, 76, 122, 202,
209-15, 228
trade unions 103, 189-91, 206-7
transitions in 108, 202
US marines in 206-7
utilizing transnational communications
231-5
Via Civica 230, 233, 288
youth movement 227, 228
Zelaya regime 205
see also UNO (Nicaraguan Opposition
Union)
Nicaraguan Opposition Union (UNO) 223,
224-6
Nigeria 113
Nixon administration
and southern Africa 327
Noirism
in Haiti 267
North, Oliver 91, 92, 187, 347-8
North-South divide 339-41, 345
Novack, George 351, 355
NRI (National Republican Institute for
International Affairs) 95, 101
and Chile 183
and Haiti 287, 297, 305
and Nicaragua 223, 224, 233, 234
and the Philippines 130, 135
NSC (National Security Council) 83
"Forty Committee" 159
Memorandum 93160
Memorandum NSC-68 15
and the Philippines 124-5
Project Democracy 78, 85, 89-93, 130,
180
NSDD 32 (National Security Decision
Directive 32) 322
NSDD 77 (National Security Decision
Directive 77) 91
NSDD 130 (National Security Decision
Directive 130) 98-9
Nunez, Ricardo 171
OAS (Organization of American States)
364, 365, 373
and Haiti 299-300, 304
Obando y Bravo, Cardinal Miguel 225
O'Connor, James 36
ODI (Office of Democratic Initiatives) 98,
100, 242, 243
O'Donnell, Guillermo 45, 64, 65
OECD (Organization of Economic
Cooperation and Development)
countries 341
Office of Democratic Initiatives 82
OIney, Richard 156
OPD (Office of Public Diplomacy) 91
OPL (Lavalas Political Organization) 313
order
and political development theories 47-8
organic intellectuals 41-4, 52, 72, 107, 115,
344
and consensus-building in Chile 176-7
Panama 16, 17, 103, 109, 111
Panama Canal 205
"Panama model"
of controlled demilitarization 66
Paraguay 109
Pareto, Vilfredo 50, 51
Parsons, Talcott46, 47, 102
participatory democracy 58--9
in Nicaragua 216-18
Partners of the Americas 184
Pascual, Dette 133
Pastor, Robert 214
Pax Americana 12, 14, 74, 115, 365
Pax Britannica 39
peasant organizations
and democracy promotion 103, 104
Haiti 283-4
peripheral polyarchy 363, 377
persuasion
in US foreign policy 2
Petit, Sergio Wilson 187
Petras, James 68, 161-2, 166, 199-200
Philippine-American War 118
Philippines 9, 16, 29, 63, 64, 66, 79, 87, 113,
114, 117-45
AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines)
127-8
agrarian reform 137-8, 142-4
BAVAN (New Patriotic Federation)
125-6
comparative perspective 333-9
compared with Chile 194
compared with Haiti 307
compared with Nicaragua 122, 124, 126,
142, 210, 212, 213, 215, 225, 240
and .counter-hegemony 384
CPAR (Congress of People's Agrarian
Reform) 143
electoral intervention 125-9, 144-5
elites 118-19, 120, 122, 123, 131, 139
Hukbalahap uprising 119, 130
Kilusang Mayo Uno (May First
Movement) 135
martial law 121, 122
National Democratic Front 122-3
462
NCFO (National Congress of Farmers
Organizations) 137-8
NPA (New People's Army) 121, 122,
125, 139, 142
peripheral polyarchy in 363
political aid 120, 126, 129-38, 139
political parties 119, 127
preventive democracy and preemptive
reform 201-2
trade unions 126, 132, 134, 135-8
transition to polyarchy 124-9, 139
transitions in 108, 109
US conquest of 117-18
and US military facilities 119, 133, 138
women's organizations 126, 131-4, 136
Young Officers Union (YOU) 141-2
youth movements 134-5
Phillips, Bud 136
Pierce, Franklin 204
Pinochet, General Augusto 66, 87, 164, 167,
168, 169-75, 184, 193-5, 196
pluralist interpretations
of politics and power 26, 27
Poland 103, 137
aid for Solidarity 321, 322-3
Polanyi, Karl 39, 352-3
policymakers
and democracy promotion 49, 72
immediate policymaking community
27-8, 42
individual 5
and organic intellectuals 42, 43
and political development theories 45
and US dominant classes 74-5
political action 78
political aid 73-4, 83-6, 87, 110-11
Chile 156, 167
Haiti 285-97, 311
Nicaragua 215, 221, 222-35, 242-4
Philippines 120, 126, 129-38, 139
and the Soviet bloc 321-3, 326
political competition 81-2
"political culture" theories
and Haiti 260
and social stability 345
political development 78
literature 70
programs 82, 85, 89
theories: and democratization theory 52;
and modernization 44-8
political operations 73, 78-82
in Chile 175-93
political aid as 73-4, 83-6, 87
Political Order in Changing Societies
(Huntington) 70
political parties
Chile 106, 155, 171, 172-3, 174-5, 181,
183, 185-6
and the CIA 86
and democracy promotion 101-2, 105-6
Haiti 280-1
Philippines 119, 127
political society 28
and civil society 66-70
"institution-building" in 85
Polanyi, Karl 352
polyarchy
and capitalism 356-61
and democracy 48-52, 358-9
and democracy promotion 318-19
and globalization 363-5
and neo-liberalism 335, 339-45
peripheral 363, 377
and popular democracy 56-62, 70-2, 336
promoting 52-6
and world order 374-80
and the world system 361-3
see also transitions
Polyarchy (Dahl) 51
popular democracy
in Chile 168-9
and a counter-hegemonic bloc 384
in Haiti 279-85, 313
and polyarchy 56-62, 70-2, 336
and the Soviet bloc 321
Portugal 67
Potoy, Guillermo 226
Poulantzas, Nicos 39, 267, 352, 353, 382
poverty
in Chile 196-7
"feminization of" 343
in Haiti 263-4
in Nicaragua 251-2
and the North-South divide 339-41
and polyarchy 376
in the United States 341
see also economic inequalities
power
asymmetrical power in international
relations 23--5
economic and political 352
and global civil society 38-9
oligarchical model of 26-7, 97
and US foreign policy 25-31; straight
power relations 74
practical-eonjunctural analysis 10, 20, 21,
74, 318
Preval, Rene 313
preventive diplomacy
in Haiti 256-7, 274, 275
Index
Prevost, Gary 217, 218
process
and popular democracy 57-8
Project Democracy 78, 85, 86, 89-93, 130,
167, 180, 322
promoting democracy, see democracy
promotion
Prosser, Gabriel 264
Przeworski, Adam 53-4, 55
psychological operations 78
psychological warfare 79, 80
public diplomacy 91
Puerto Rico 118
Putzel, James 142
Quintero, Henry "Hank" 187, 230
Ramos, Fidel 128, 139
Raymond, Walter, Jr. 91
Reagan administration 76-8, 88, 91, 98
Caribbean Basin Initiative 270
and Chile 168
and Nicaragua 219-22
and the Philippines 117, 122, 125
and South Africa 328-9
Reaganomics 76
realism
and globalization 366, 367
realist explanations
of politics and power 26
reassertionism 75, 76, 89, 92
reconstructing foreign policy 74-8
redemocratization
in Chile 147, 148, 150-1, 152, 153, 164
refugee policy, US
and Haiti 299-300, 303
Regala, Co!. William 274
regimented democracy 83-4
Rhodes, Cecil 346-7, 348
Richards, Yves 283, 286
Richardson, John 90
Rockefeller Report (1969) 148
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 15, 209, 266
Roosevelt, Theodore 205, 207
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich 357
Russell, Brigadier General 266
Rye, Thomas 25
Sakharov, Andrei324
Salazar, Migue1192
Saldomando, Angel 244
Samuels, Michael A. 83, 90
sanchez, Luis 226
Sandino, Agusto Cesar 208-9, 243
Santa Fe Document 76
Schmitter, Philip 45, 64, 69
Schneider, Cathy 193
School for Democracy (Chile) 180
Schumpeter, Joseph 49, 51, 351
Senat, Joseph 289
Shafter, General 118
S~auderman, Harry242
Shultz, George 107, 170
Silva, Eduardo 152
Sklair, Leslie 40-1, 367, 378
slavery
in Haiti 258-9, 260, 262
Smith, Adam 368
social apartheid
in the United States 377-8
social control
and polyarchy 71
and reconstituting democracy 68-9
social instability
causes of 339-45
social structure of accumulation 32
socialism
and democracy 384
socioeconomic inequalities
between rich and poor nations 339-41
in Chile 196-7
and globalization 339-44
and labor structure 342
in Nicaragua 211
and social stability 375-6
in the United States 341
socioeconomic system
separation of politics from 53, 55
sociological imagination 14
SOFA (Haitian Women's Solidarity) 283
Somoza dictatorship (Nicaragua) 66, 76,
122, 202, 209-15, 228
Sorel, George 348
South Africa 10, 16, 114, 319-20, 326-32
apartheid 320, 328-30
Assistance for Disadvantaged South
Africans 330-1
comparative perspective 333-9
political parties 106
sovereignty
and popular democracy 61-2
Soviet Union/Soviet bloc countries 3, 10
and Chile 162
collapse of 5, 93, 320, 326
comparative perspective 333-9
IRG (Inter-Regional Deputies Group)
324-5
and US foreign policy 78, 80-1, 113-14
US intervention and globalization
319-26
464
stability
and the CIA 87
and US foreign policy 17
state
and civil society 27, 28, 39, 58, 152
extended 21, 22-3. 28, 367-8, 370
Gramscian concept of the 353-4
"imperial state" 68
imperialism and democracy 346-8
managerial dilemma/fiscal crisis of the
36
and society, politics and power 26, 27
Stephens, Evelyne 357
Stephens, John 357
Stimpson, Henry 208
STR (scientific and technological
revolution) 31-2
structural adjustment
and Nicaragua 254
structural analysis 6, 10, 20-1, 318
of capitalism and polyarchy 356
and the Gramscian construct of
hegemony 24, 25
of the Philippines 123-4
structural autonomy 164
structural determinism 10
structural-conjunctural analysis 10, 21, 318
structural-functionalism
and democratization 149
and modernization theory 46
politics and power 26
and polyarchy 49
Sunkel, Osvaldo 33, 366
supranational institutions 372-4
SWAPO (South-West African People's
Organization) 327
Taft, William 207
Talbott, Strobe 311
Thatcher, Margaret 225
Theberge, James 168
Therbom, Goran 355, 357, 358
Third World
and the global economy 37
and low-intensity warfare 80-1
and modernization theory 46
nationalist revolutions 74
political and civic institutions 70
and political development theory 47, 48
prospects of democratization 344-5
and US foreign policy 81-2; neoconservative
76
TNCs (transnational corporations) 369,
371, 384-5
TNPs (transnational practices) 40-1
Tonton Macoutes 268-9, 274, 275, 279, 284,
302
totalitarianism
in Haiti 267
trade unions
in Chile 189-91
and the CIA 86
and democracy promotion 102-3, 106
Haiti 288-9
Nicaragua 103, 206-7, 227-8, 230, 243
Philippines 126, 132, 134, 135-8
Solidarity (poland) 321, 322-3
South Africa 331
" trade-offs"
controlling and limiting democratization
during 64-5
transitions
and electoral intervention 108-12
to democracy, in Haiti 257-8
to polyarchy 63-6, 66-8, 73, 105-6, 110;
Chile 192-3, 200; Haiti 276-85;
Nicaragua 202, 239-42, 255;
Philippines 124-9
to stable democracies 93
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule:
Prospects for Democracy (O'Donnell) 45
transnational capital 74
and democracy promotion 72, 102, 103
and economic ownership 382
and Haiti 263, 272, 306-7
and the labor force 342
and nation-states 380
and Nicaragua 255
and the Philippines 122, 139
and South Africa 327
transnational corporations (TNCs) 369,
371, 384-5
transnational elites 33-5, 37-8
and the APF 90
and democracy promotion 12, 20, 108
Haiti 271, 294, 315, 316
and hegemony 371
and the NED 97
and the Philippines 131, 139, 140
and popular democracy 61
and the promotion of polyarchy 363-5
reconstructing foreign policy 75-6
and South Africa 327, 329
and the Soviet bloc 325-6
and "supernumeraries" 378
and US foreign policy 77-8
transnational hegemony 365-74
Trilateral Commission 34, 36, 99, 371, 373
and organic intellectuals 42
and reassertionism 75, 76
Index
The Crisis of Democracy 13, 38, 68, 69, 70,
148, 351
"Towards a Renovated International
System" 75
Trouillot, Ertha Pascal 282
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph 261-2, 263, 267,
272, 277
Trujillo, Rafael 269
Truman Doctrine 147-8
TUCP (Trade Union Congress of the
Philippines) 126, 134, 135-8, 137, 138,
143
UDT (Democratic Workers Union, Chile)
189-90
UNDP (United Nations Development
Program) 364
Human Development Report 1992339-41
United Nations
Centre on Transnational Corporations
371
UNO (Nicaraguan Opposition Union) 223,
224-6, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237,
238, 239
government241-2, 251, 252-3
Urban, Stanley 270
US Foreign Assistance Act
Title IX addition to 82, 89
USIA (United States Information Agency)
89, 90, 93, 96
and Nicaragua 231, 232
Vaky, Vyron 213
Valdes, Gabriel 146
Valenzuela, Arturo 166, 177, 179
Vance, Cyrus 201
Vanden, Harry 217, 218
Vanderbilt, Cornelius 204
vanguardism
and the Sandinista government in
Nicaragua 217-18
Vargas, Oscar Rene 242
Verba, Sydney 46
Vietnam
economic development programs 48
electoral intervention in 109
Vietnam War 78, 79, 81, 85
VSN (Volunteers of National Security,
Haiti) 268-9
Vuskovic, Pedro 197
Walesa, Lech 233
Walker, William 204, 206
Wallerstein, Immanuel 19-20, 363
Wallock, Ken 181
warfare
conventional 81
covert political 79
local and regional conflicts 379
low-intensity 80-1, 82, 92; Nicaragua
219-22
psychological 79, 80
Watson, Alexander 215
Weber, Max 11, 19, 62, 348, 356, 367, 370
Weinstein, Allen 83, 90, 130
welfare capitalism 346, 362-3
Western democracy 218
Westminster Foundation 364
Wheelock, Jaime 212
Whitehead, Laurence 45
Wiarda, Howard 73, 113
Wilentz, Amy 292
Williams, Raymond 52
Wilson, Woodrow 207
Wisner, Frank 145
Wolf, Eric 283, 317
Wolfe, Alan 354
women
and democracy promotion 103, 104
and globalization 342-3
and the sexual division of labour 104,
134, 229
466
women's organizations
Haiti 283
Nicaragua 227, 228-9, 230, 244
in the Philippines 126, 131-4, 136
World Bank 244-5, 271, 326, 365, 368, 372
world history
epochs of3
world system 7, 8
and the foreign policy of nations 17-20
and Gramscian model of international
relations 17-31
modem 3, 263
and the nation-state 373
and polyarchy 361-3
World Trade Organization 36
Yeltsin, Boris 324
youth movements 103
in Chile 191-2
Haiti 283
in Nicaragua 227, 228, 230
in the Philippines 134-5
Zamorano, Antonio 156-7
ZANU (Zimbabwe African National
Union) 327
Zelaya, Jose Santos 205-6
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