|
INDEX Abel, 442
Acclimation, 351-352, 448
reversibility of, 351f.
Acculturation, 62-72
Adam, 345
and Eve, 441-442
Adaptation, 253f., 273f., 314,
338-339, 346-363, 446f.,
503f.
and consciousness, 446-453
hierarchic characteristics of,
274-276
See also Biological evolution
Addiction, 309-337, 448, 497
Aegistheus, 480
Aesthetics, 148, 265-267, 306,
332, 415-416, 459, 470,
503
as modulation of communication,
231-232
and morality, 265f.
and non-verbal communication,
232
and scientific truth, 265f.
See also Art
Agamemnon, 480
Aggression, 325, 430
"negative" aggression, 325
and surrender, 53, 325
Alcoholic pride, 320f.
Alcoholics Anonymous, 309-313,
321, 322, 325, 328-337
Alcoholism, 309-337
and anesthesia, 311
and challenge, 321f.
and complementary relationship,
325f.
epistemology of, 310f.
and hitting bottom, 312, 329-
332
intoxication in, 310-312
pride in, 321f.
and religious conversion,
326, 331f.
schismogenesis in, 322f.
and sobriety, 310f.
and symmetrical relationship,
322f.
Alexander, Franz, 93
Alice in Wonderland, 30
Alice and the flamingo,
30, 449
Allegory, 136
Altamira cave paintings, 130,
144
Ames, Adalbert, Jr., 135, 469,
487f.
Analogic coding, see Coding
Analogy, 153-155
Andaman Islands, 141, 182
Animism, 492
Anonymity, 333-334
AIJ.thropology, xviii, xxi, 61f.,
continued
527
528 Index
146-147, 160-161, 170,
202, 253
Appleby, Lawrence, 231
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 433, 434,
493
Arabia Deserta, 81
Arapesh, 67
Aristotle, 434, 493
Armaments races, escalation
of, xvii, 109-110, 155, 324
See also Schismogenesis and
War
Art, 34, 37, 128-152, 170, 182,
183, 268, 271, 272, 418,
428, 444, 453, 470-471
Balinese, 113, 116, 117, 125,
147-152
and coding, 129, 130
composition in, 130, 149-151
corrective nature of, 144-147,
151-152
epistemology of, 133-147,
151-152
and habit, 134f.
and practice, 137, 138
and primary process, 135-141
relation of to levels of consciousness
and unconsciousness,
129f., 308, 470
representationalism in, 130,
149, 182
sexual symbolism in, 130,
150-151, 152
skill in, 130f., 142-144, 147-
148
and unconscious habits of
perception, 135
See also Aesthetics
Ashby, W. Ross, 124, 269, 352,
504, 506
Asymmetry, 78, 380-399, 416
See also Symmetry
Atreus, 480f.
"Auguries of Innocence, " 306
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 469
Baining, xi
Baldwin, J. M., 354
Baldwin effect, 354, 363, 426
Bali; Balinese, xi, 95, 100-101,
108-127
art, 113, 116, 117, 125, 147-
152
balance, 120-121, 125, 127,
174
ca~e, 95, 114, 117, 119
competition, 113, 114-115,
116, 121
cumulative interaction, absence
of, 112-116, 125, 127
dance, 117
drama, 113, 117
dualism, 95
economic transactions, 116
ethos, 116-121, 125, 127
maximization, absence of,
116, 121, 124-125
music, 113, 117
national character, 95, 100-
101, 112f., 173f.
quarrels, 113, 115
religion, 161
schismogenesis, absence of,
112-116, 127
social orientation, 117, 125
spatial orientation, 117, 125
trance, 112
warfare, 114
Balinese Character: A Photographic
Analysis, 112, 113,
118, 120
Barnard, Chester, xii
Basilides, 461
Bateson, Beatrice G, 232
Bateson, John, 280
Bateson, Lois, xiii
Bateson, Mary Catherine, 4,
446
Bateson, William, xiv, 73, 232,
343, 379f.
Bateson's Rule, 379-399
Behaviorism, 321
Beluga whale, 377
Bernard, Claude, 279
Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 229,
242, 482
Bible, 343, 512
Bigelow, Julian, xi
Bill W., 310, 312, 313, 331,
333-334
Index 529
Biological evolution, xiv, xvii,
xviii, 1, 146, 154-155, 245-
266, 274, 282-283, 291,
338-339, 343f., 394, 411-
417, 424, 446, 451, 455f.
centripetal versus centrifugal
control in, 362-363
of context, 155
effect of use and disuse in,
258, 411f.
environmental change in,
346f.
genotypic change in, 346.;
invisibility of, 356
inheritance of acquired characteristics
in, 253-259, 266,
346f.
and learning, 245, 253-258,
293, 307
somatic change in, 346, 363
stochastic process in, 255f.,
266, 355, 508f.
unit of survival in, 155, 332,
456f., 466-467, 468, 419f.,
507; identity with unit of
mind, 466, 491
See also Adaptation; Darwin,
Charles; Darwinian evolution;
Genetics; Heredity;
Lamarck; Natural selection;
and Survival
Bipolarity in Western cultures,
94-95, 99, 104
Bit, informational, 272, 273,
315
Bithorax gene, 256-268, 360-
361
Bitterman, M. E., 296
Blake, William, xiv, 27-29,
49, 188, 265, 303, 306,
469
Body-mind problem, xiv, 319-
320, 331, 471, 493-494
Boehme, Jacob, 265
Bohannon, Paul, 61
Boothe, Bert, xiii
Brodey, Warren, 339
Buber, Martin, 452
Buffon, 130
Butler, Samuel, xiv, 134, 141,
237-238, 253-255, 258,
265, 266, 270, 400, 434,
456, 472, 481
Cain, 442
Cannon, Walter B., 279, 439
Carnap, Rudolf, 177
Carpenter, C. R., 181, 204, 222
Carroll, Lewis, 405, 411, 449
Carroll, Vern, xiv
Carson, Rachel, 497
Cartesian dualism, 313, 337
Caste, 67, 95, 114, 117, 119
Catholicism, 36
Catatonia, 211
Cetacea, 364-378
communication of, see Cetacean
communication
language of, 365, 371f.
training of, 276-278, 368-369
Cetacean communication, xiii,
364-378
contexts of, 375
as digital discourse about relationship,
374
echolocation in, 370-377
substitution of paralinguistics
for kinesics in, 371f.
Chambuli, 67, 90
Character, xxiv, 303-305
formation of, 79, 91, 115f.,
162-172, 297f., 364-365,
507
national, see National character
reorganization of, 93, 259,
301-306
Christ, 29
Christianity, vii, xxv, 160f., 321,
343-345, 434, 467
Civilization:
diversity in, 504f.
and ecology, 502f.
Clemenceau, Georges, 480
Coding, 417-431
analogic, 291, 349, 364, 372f.,
421, 460; absence of "not"
in, 54, 291, 326f.
and art, 129f.
continued
530 Index
digital, 133, 291, 365, 372f.,
418, 421, 423, 460; and
Cetacean communication,
374; of genotypic messages,
349f.
iconic, 133, 140-141, 142,
291, 411f., 421, 423f.; absence
of "not" in, 140-141,
291, 430; of genotypic signals,
424f.
of information inside and outside
the body, 460
and language, 133, 139,
371f., 417f.
metaphoric, 421, 423
ostensive, 291
part-For-whole, 421f.
See also Communication
and Information
Collingwood, Robin George,
xiv, 320, 455
Commitment, 242, 263
Common sense, 146, 440f.,
501
Communication, xxvii, 131f.,
154, 229f.-, 248f., 276,
283, 365f., 393, 405-416,
457f., 489
Cetacean, see Cetacean communication
and context, 184-186, 203,
222
deceit in, 128, 137-138, 178,
181, 182, 203-204, 212-
'215, 224
denotative, 178-190
evolution of, 141, 178f., 291,
411, 417-418, 423, 424,
426
and genetics, see Genetics
kinesics in, 203, 371f., 411f.
logical types of, xiii, 177f.,
196, 202f., 261f.
mammalian, 57, 135, 140f.,
178-193, 275, 327, 364f.,
411f., 470, 478f.
metacommunication, 9-13,
137, 178f., 194-200, 203-
227, 229f., 235f., 261-262,
364-376, 428, 483; in
schizophrenia, 194-200,
208f., 235f.
mood-signs in, 178, 181, 189,
193
mu-function signals in, 372f.
non-verbal, see Non-verbal
communication
paradoxes of abstraction in,
xii, 179f., 196, 201f., 280-
281, 291, 303, 339, 397
paralinguistics in, 203, 371f.,
411f.
phenotype and genotype,
communication between,
254, 258, 346f.
relationship, communication
about, 9-13, 56, 57, 137f.,
177, 275, 364f., 427, 478f.
See also Coding; Context;
Information; and Frames,
psychological
Communication phenomena versus
physical phenomena,
250f.
See also Explanation
Communication theory, 109,
201f., 247-248, 279, 283,
414
and genetics, 282-283, 379f.;
see also Genetics
and learning, 279f.
See also Cybernetics
Communication: The Social
Matrix of Psychiatry, 177,
227, 301, 314
Comparison, 274, 315
Competition, 91, 97, 109-110,
121-125, 324, 335, 436-
437
in Bali, 113, 114-115, 116,
121
See also Relationship, symmetrical
Complementary relationship,
see Relationship, complementary
Computers, 460, 484
and learning, 284
and mental process, 316-317,
491
Index 531
Consciousness, 37, 139, 14, 2-
146, 184, 320, 370, 438-
445, 446-453
and art, see Art
economics of, 136, 141-143
enlargement of, 444
and human adaptation, 446-
453
and language, 48-52
limits of, 142-143
and objectivity, 58-60
and purpose, 144-146, 438f.
relation to total mind, 142-
146, 319-320, 438f., 446-
453
and systematic distortion of
world view, 144-146, 446-
453
and unconsciousness, 129,
134-147
Context, xiv, xix, 21-22, 162-
166, 245-248, 250, 263,
266-267, 277, 338-339,
400f.
and communication, 184-186,
203, 222, 236, 275-276
of communication among dolphins,
375
and content, 154-155, 245,
4oof., 408
of learning, 112, 171f., 194-
195, 204f., 245f., 283f.,
364f.
logical types of, 289
markers, 289-291, 293, 297,
298
principal contexts of experimental
learning, 171-172
repeatability of, 169, 288-
289, 292
'as unit of evolution, 155
See also Communication
Control, 37, 75-76, 136, 159-
166, 174, 267-269, 315f.,
355, 437, 438, 444, 447f.,
494, 508f.
homeostatic control by nonlethal
variables, 449, 508
See also Power and Purpose
Courtship, xvii, 423
Craik, K. J. W., 483
Creation (Omphalos): An Attempt
to Untie the Geological
Knot, 344-345
Creativity, 278, 306, 317, 444,
503
Creatura, 462-463, 471, 489-
490
Creel, George, 479, 482, 483
Critique of Judgment, 459, 489
Cultural differences, xix, 62
between England and America,
xix, 155
See also National character
Cultural evolution, 155, 274,
446
differences between cultural
and phylogenetic evolution,
450
Cultural relativism, 314
Culture change, 62, 64-72, 77-
78, 90, 92-94
Culture contact, 61-72, 93, 314
Culture Learning Institute, xiii
Cumulative interaction, 111-
112, 115, 126-127
absence of in Bali, 112-116,
125, 127, 174
Cuvier, Georges, xiv
Cybernetics, xii, xxviii, 155,
205, 309, 315-319, 331-
332, 363, 380, 381, 405-
416, 435, 446, 456f., 477,
483f.
cybernetic explanation, 405-
416
epistemology of, 309, 315-
319, 337, 456f.
See also Communication theory;
Game theory; Information
theory; and Systems
theory
DDT, 146, 497f.
Dadi, 119
Dance, 13, 33-37, 137, 418, 470
Balinese, 117
Darlington, C. D., 270
Darwin, Charles, xiv, 253f., 265,
continued
532 Index
266, 269, 434, 456, 472,
491
See also Biological evolution
Darwinian evolution, xiv, 253-
266, 434, 456
inadequacies of, 457f., 468,
491
See also Biological evolution
Data, selection of, xx, 459, 489
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 470
Death, xvii, 112, 123, 152, 328,
329, 471
Death instinct, 328
Deduction, xx, xxvii, 308, 408
"Defense in depth, " 351
Degenerative circuits, 109, 126
See also Homeostasis
Democracy, 159-165
Democritus, 265
Description, xx
Deutero-learning, 166-176, 204,
248, 249, 252, 273f., 292f.,
321, 339, 351-352, 364f.
acquisition of in early infancy,
300-301
definition of, 167, 293
self-validating nature of, 301,
302, 314
unconsciousness of, 300-301,
302, 304, 308
Deviance from social norms, 90,
92
Difference, xxvi, 232, 271-273,
315f., 381, 458f., 489f.
hierarchies of classification
of, 463-464
location of, 414f., 458
transmission of, inside and
outside the body, 460
See also Explanation
Differentiation, xxvii, 3-8, 27-
29, 76, 77-78, 233, 253,
260, 379-399
cultural, 65, 67-69, 76-79
and national character, 90-95,
103
in schizophrenogenic families,
260-261
Digital coding, see Coding, digital
Discrimination, 288, 296-297,
368-369
Diversity, 504f.
in civilization, 504f.
specialization and, 505
Djati Sura, Ida Bagus, 147
Dollard, John, 93
Dominance-submission, 68, 91f.,
109-110, 155, 299-300, 323
"Don't, " 56
"Dormitive hypotheses, "xxii
Double bind, xiii, 201, 206f.,
234f., 245, 271-278, 297,
303, 323, 331, 334-335,
339
definition of, 206-207
and enlightenment, 208, 305-
306
and hypnosis, 223
implications for psychotherapy,
225f., 328, 334-335
in normal relationships, 209
and Zen Buddhism, 208
See also Schizophrenia
Doughty, Charles, 81-82
Dr. Bob, 310
Dream, 50-58, 135, 139, 140,
141, 146, 150, 185, 190,
197, 272, 302, 328, 416,
427f., 464, 470
lack of negation in, 54-56,
139f., 326-327
and parthenogenesis, 400
Duncan, Isadora, 137-138, 470
Dunkett's rat-trap, 238
East-West Center, xiii
Echolocation, 370, 377
Ecology, xiv, 145-146, 153, 338-
339, 345, 436f., 466, 491,
496-501, 5002-513
ad hoc corrective measures
in, 496f., 505
bioenergetic versus entropic,
466-467
and civilization, 502f.
ecological health, 502f.
and ethics, 512-513
of mind, xvii, 338-339, 402,
Index 533
456f., 472; see also Ideas,
ecology of
Economics, xvii, xxi, 62f., 82,
121, 125, 126
additive systems of, 358
and communication, 352-353
of consciousness, 136, 141-
143
economic transactions in Bali,
116
of flexibility, 258, 349f., 401-
402, 504f.; multiplicative
nature of, 349-350, 358-
359
of genetic variability, 357
of mental process, 257-258,
274, 303
multiplicative systems of,
358-359
of probability, 409
of unconsciousness, 136, 141-
146
Ecosystems, 436f., 440f., 466,
502f.
single-species ecosystems,
451, 457
Ego, xx, 87, 136, 185, 194, 199,
204, 320, 324, 469
weakness of, 194-195, 205
Eidos, 74, 83, 85
Emotion, xxiv, 17, 66, 82, 85,
129, 138-139, 320-321, 469
and intellect, 139, 469-470
Empiricism, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 107
End-linkage, 155-156
Energy, xxiii, xxiv, xxvii, 409f.
conservation of, xxi, xxiii,
xxviii, 229, 409
as determinant of behavior,
xxiv, 205, 320, 409f., 458-
459, 489f.
energy expenditure as inverse
relation of energy input in
cybernetic systems, xxiv,
382, 489-490
law of conservation of, xxi,
xxiii, xxviii, 229, 409
psychic energy, xxiv, 318
See also Explanation
Enlightenment, 208
and the double bind, 208
Entropy, xviii, xxiii, 466, 504
negative entropy, xxvi, 358,
381, 462-463, 466, 504; as
information, 462-463
Epimenides, 184
Epistemology, vii, xiv, 140, 245,
313f., 402, 456, 461, 486-
495
of alcoholism, 326, 327-331
of art, 133-147, 151-152
of cybernetics, 309, 315-319,
337, 456f.
occidental, 309, 318-321, 327,
472-473, 486f., 491f., 496-
501
Equilibrium, cultural, 65, 67,
72, 93-94
Erewhon Revisited, 481-482
Erickson, Milton H., 223-224
Erikson, Eric H., 110, 324
Erogenous zones, 110-111, 324
Error, 274, 286-287, 289
self-reinforcing, 286, 301,
319
Escalation, see Armaments races
and Schismogenesis
Eternal Verities, xxi
Ethics, 159-166, 264-269, 332,
336
of ecology, 512-5i3
See also Morality
Ethos, 82-85, 91, 107-108
Balinese, 116-121, 125, 127
definition, 108
and schismogenesis, 107-115
Evolution:
biological, see Biological evolution
of communication, see Communication
cultural, see Cultural evolution
Darwinian, see Darwinian evolution
of language, 417-418, 430
teaching of, 343-345
Exhibitionism-spectatorship, 91,
95, 99-103, 104f., 110, 155,
182, 323
5:34 Index
Experimental neuroses, 171,
296-297
Explanation, xxi, 38-40, 45, 55,
244-245, 405-416, 462f.
cybernetic, 405-416
dichotomy between explanatory
world of mass and
energy and explanatory
world of form and communication,
xxiii-xxviii,
229-230, 250-251, 271-272,
455f., 489f.
Exploration, 47, 93, 141, 257,
281-282, 285
Fantasy, 34, 182-193, 197, 199,
203, 224, 428
See also Dream
Fatalism, 173-174, 298, 304,
321
Feedback, xi, xii, 274, 324, 327-
328, 409f., 450
and schismogenesis, 324
Fenichel, Otto, 135, 139
Fighting, 112
in animals, 53, 54-55, 141
Flexibility, 124-125, 263, 304,
502-513
distribution of, 506
economics of, 349f., 401-402,
504f.
exercise of, 510-511
somatic, 349f., 425-426
and specialization, 505
and variability, 357f.
See also Rigidity
Forge, Anthony, 128, 137
Form, xxvii, 154, 408, 454f.
See also Context; Explanation;
Meaning; Order; Pattern;
Redundancy; and
Restraint
Fortes, Meyer, 107
Foundations Fund for Psychiatry,
xiii
Fourteen Points, 479f.
Frames, psychological, 184-188,
190-192
and logical types, 189-190,
263
See also Context
Frank, L. K., 123, 167
Free enterprise, 442
Free will, 62, 163f., 267
Fremont-Smith, Frank, xii, xiii
Freud, Sigmund; Freudian theory,
xxiv, 48, 50, 84, 86-
87, 135-137, 138, 139, 145,
300, 328, 370, 440, 467,
470
See also Psychoanalysis
Frog's egg, 382, 386, 401
Fromm-Reichmann, Frieda,
226, 234
Fry, William, xii, 228
"Fundamental" concepts, xxxxii,
xxvii
Fundamentalism, 335-336, 345
Galileo, 265
Game theory, 121-127, 239f.,
284f., 484
as model for schizophrenic
system of interaction, 239f.
See also Cybernetics
Garden of Eden, 345, 441
Gemutlichkeit, 329
Genesis, xxv, xxvii, 343
Genetic variability, 357
Genetics, xiv, 41-43, 244-264,
273, 346-363, 379-399
as communication, 58, 154,
231-232, 253, 254, 260f.,
272f., 282-283, 346-363,
379-399, 456; between
phenotype and genotype,
254
digital nature of genotypic
messages, 349f.
heterogeneity of wild populations,
357
iconic coding in, 424f.
and learning, 41f., 253-260,
273, 284, 288, 295, 299,
306-307, 347-348
and logical types, 273, 347f.
of schizophrenia, 197, 234,
258f., 273
and transcontextual experience,
273
Index 535
See also Biological evolution
George, Lloyd, 480
Gillespie, C. C., 270
Ginsburg, Benson, 365
Gnostics, 455, 461
God, xxv, 45, 49, 50, 95, 100,
128, 326, 331f., 337, 345,
433, 440f., 467-468, 469,
472-473, 512
Goebbels, Joseph, 443, 494
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von,
276
Good and evil, 50
Gosse, Philip Henry, 344-345
Grace, 128-129
Grammar, xvii, 13, 153-154,
276, 430
Great Chain of Being, The,
344, 455
Greeting, 54-55, 327
Guggenheim Foundation, xii
Haag, R, 277
Habit, 44, 104, 134-135, 141,
143, 242, 254, 257-258,
263, 274, 301, 303, 304,
351-352, 362, 456, 467,
509f.
and art, 134f.
Habits of perception, 135, 162-
170, 173-176
Habituation, 284, 287, 511
Haeckel, Ernst, 80
Haley, Jay, xii, 177, 191, 201,
202, 227, 228, 234, 269
Hallucination, 238, 416, 464
and hypnosis, 223
in schizophrenia, 208, 323,
328, 335
Hamlet, 230, 290
Harlow, H. F., 204, 252, 293,
295-296
Harrison, Ross, 381
Hate, xix, 47, 140, 146, 191,
206, 305
Hebephrenia, 199, 211, 262
Henley, William Ernest, 312
Heraclitus, 265, 288
Heredity, 253, 256, 266, 346-
363
and acquired characteristics,
253f., 266, 346f.
and environmental stress, 256,
346f.
See also Biological evolution
Herrigel, Eugen, 135
Heterogeneity and national
character, 90, 92-94
"Heuristic" concepts, xx, xxiii
Hibbard, Emerson, 394
Hilgard, E. R, 171
Hilgard, J. R, 213
Hitting bottom, 312, 329f.
Holt, Anatol, 334
Homeostasis, 352-353, 354-355
See also Degenerative circuits;
Equilibrium, cultural; Regenerative
circuits; Runaway;
Schismogenesis;
Self-corrective circuits;
Steady state; and "Vicious"
circles
Homology, 80-81, 345
Honesty, 418-419, 426
Hubris, 336, 498, 501
Hull, Clark, 167, 169, 204, 252,
294-295
Humility, 334, 345, 443-444,
467
Humor, 47, 141, 193, 203, 222,
231, 247, 259-260, 261,
272
and logical types, 196, 203
Hutchinson, Evelyn, xii
Huxley, Aldous, 128
Huxley, T. H., 456
Hypnosis, 223, 224, 302, 369
Iatmul, xxvi, xxvii, 67, 75-79,
84-85, 90, 107-109, 115,
123-124, 126, 267-268, 344
myth of central origin, xxvi,
344
Id, 87, 136
Ideas, xvii, xxvii, 35, 229-230,
250, 271-272, 315, 318-
320, 459-460, 462, 465
definition of, 271-272, 315,
459
continued
536 Index
ecology of, xvii, 339, 467,
509f.; see also Mind, ecology of
multiple determination of, 508
natural selection of, xvii, 508-
509
Immanence versus transcendence,
315, 319-320, 344,
467-468, 472-473, 493
Immanent question, 401
Induction, xx, xxi, xxiii, xxiv,
xxvi, xxvii, 308, 408
See also Empiricism
Industrial Revolution, 162, 443,
468
Information, xxvi, 22-23, 129,
130-134, 154, 271-273, 315-
331, 407f., 420f., 459, 466,
509
and asymmetry, 383f.
and bilateral symmetry, 382f.
coding of, inside and outside
the body, 251, 460
location of, 414f., 458
loss of in reduplicated bilaterally
symmetrical limbs,
383f., 400
and morphogenesis, 379-399,
400
and negative entropy, 462-
463
quantification of, 408-409
Information theory, xxi, 244,
283, 291, 315f., 358
and genetics, 381f., 456
See also Cybernetics
Initiation, 182, 267-268, 328
Input and output, 292, 317
Insight, 351-352
Instinct, xx, 38-58, 108
and learning, 41-44
Instrumental learning, see
Learning, instrumental
Instrumentality, 160-164, 166
Intellect, 48-50
and emotion, 139, 469-470
Intoxication, 139, 144, 310-312
See also Alcoholism
Jackson, Don D., 201, 202, 216,
221, 228, 234, 269
Job, 453, 461
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 442
Johnson, Samuel, 369
Jones, H. Festing, 237-238
Joyce, James, 477
Jung, Carl; Jungian theory, 322,
461, 489
Kant, Emmanuel, 459, 489
KapaT, 120-121
Kavwokmali, xxvi, 344
Kelly, George, 315
Kevembuangga, xxvi, 344
Keynes, J. M., 265
Kinesics, 203, 370f., 411f.
Korzybski, Alfred, xviii, 180,
454, 455
Laing, Ronald, 435
Lamarck; Lamarckian theory,
xiv, 254, 265, 344, 346f.,
426, 433, 434, 455
impossibility of Lamarckian
inheritance, 354-355
See also Biological evolution
Langley Porter Clinic, xii
Language, xxvii, 82, 132f., 153-
154, 170, 177-180, 275,
302, 367f.
of Cetacea, 365, 371f.
and coding, 133, 139, 417f.
and consciousness, 48-52
digital nature of, 371f.
evolution of, 417-418, 430
Lasker, Albert D., 244
Latouche, Robinson, 92
Lavoisier, Antoine, 265
Law of conservation of energy,
xxi, xxiii, xxviii, 229, 409
Law of conservation of mass,
xxi, xxiii, xxvii
"Law of Prochronism, " 345
Leach, Edmund, 129, 150
Learning, xviii, 122, 123, 162-
176, 204, 233, 241, 245-
260, 264, 274, 279-308,
440, 447-448, 451
I, see proto below
II, see Deutero-learning
537
Macaulay, 150
Macbeth, 34-35
McCulloch, Warren, xi, xii,
185-186
McPhee, Colin, 113
Macy Conferences on Cybernetics,
xii
Macy Foundation, xi, xii, xiii,
202
Index
Lee, Dorothy, 173
Legislation, 354
Lerner, I. M., 357, 358
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 139
Lewin, Kurt, 89, 171
Liddell, H. S., 297
Lilly, John c., xiii, 364, 368
Lindsay, John, 502
Lineal thinking, 441, 450-451
Logic, 18-19, 37, 74, 136, 185-
186, 188, 267, 281-282,
291, 339, 406f.
, symbolic, 75
Logical types, 180-193, 194,
196, 414, 421, 463-464
of communication, xiii, 177-
180, 189f., 196, 202f.,
261f.
of complementary and symmetrical
relationship, 323
of context, 289
and genetics, 273, 347f.
of knowledge, 23-24
and learning, 204, 206, 247-
253, 279-308
of psychological frames, 189-
190
and schizophrenia, 194, 196,
202f., 2'28f.
Logical Types, Theory of, 180,
193, 201, 202, 279f., 365,
483
Lorenz, Konrad, 181, 204, 325,
424
Love, xix, 47, 50, 111-112, 140,
146, 170, 191, 206, 207,
374, 418, 441, 452-453,
470, 504
Lovejoy, Arthur 0., 455
III, xiii, 249, 293, 301-306
IV, 293
as change, 247-249, 274,
283f.
and communication theory,
279f.
and computers, 284
contexts of, 112, 167-174,
194-195, 204, 245-253,
283f., 364f.
and evolution, 245, 253f.,
293, 307
extinction of, 287, 288, 303
and genetics, 41f., 253-260,
273, 284, 288, 295, 299,
306-307, 347-348
and genotypic determinants
of behavior, 424-426
hierarchic structure of, 248-
'253, 276, 364-365, 375;
discontinuity of, 247-249,
252-253
and instinct, 41-44
instrumental, 171-172, 173f.,
245, 249, 287, '293-294,
296, 300, 305
limits of, 293, 306-307
and logical types, 204, 205,
247-253, 279-308, 339
and national character, 89,
91-92
neurophysiology of, 249-250
Pavlovian, 171, 173-174, 245,
249, 287, 288, 293-294,
296, 298, 304
phylogenetic, 422
and probability, 255, 284-
287
proto, 167-168, 248, 287f.,
364, 375
and redundancy, 421-422
reversal, 296, 302
rote, 163, 167-169, 172-175,
249, 288, 294-295
and schizophrenia, 234, 241-
242
set, 293, 295-296
stochastic process in, 255f.,
284f., 509
zero, 248, 283f.
538 Index
Magic, 144, 173-174, 183, 229,
301
Maier, N. R. F., 167
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 63, 173-
174
Mammals, 112, 281-282, 306,
345, 364f.
communication of, 57, 135,
140f., 275, 3'26-327, 364-
378, 411f., 470, 478f.
as philosophers, 320-321
value system of, 122, 123
Manus, 161
Map/territory relationship,
180, 183, 185, 408, 455,
458, 460-461, 464
Mapping, 407
of distribution of patterns,
415-416
Marquis, D. G., 171
Marx, Karl; Marxian theory,
64, 69-70, 112, 115
Mass, conservation of, xxi, xxiii,
xxvii
Materialism, 264-269
Matter, xxiii, xxv
Maturity, xx
Maximization, 121, 124-125,
239, 315, 335, 452
absence of in Bali, 116, 121,
124-125
versus optimization, 315, 335
Maxwell, Clarke, 279
Mead, Margaret, xi, 67, 90, 91,
93, 96, 108, 112, 115, 119,
159-165, 174, 175
Meaning, xix, 130-133, 156,
233, 276, 365, 370, 408,
413, 420f.
See also Form
Measurement of knowledge, 21-
26
Medicine, 145-146, 433, 489
Memories, Dreams, Reflections,
461
Mendelism, 74, 258
Mental process, xxvii, 315f.
and computers, 316-317, 491
See also Mind
Metacommunication, see Communication
Metalinguistics, 178, 180, 188
Metalogue, definition of, 1
Metameric regularity, 76-77,
379f.
Metaphor, 33-37, 56-58, 135-
136, 139-140, 142, 150,
183, 203f., 247, 366, 375,
401, 421, 423, 427f.
in schizophrenia, 140, 190f.,
205, 209-210, 222, 235-
236
Mind, xviii, xx, xxviii, 309, 344
and consciousness, see Consciousness
delimitation of, 464f.
ecology of, xvii, 338-339, 402,
456f., 472; see also Ideas,
ecology of
economics of, 136, 141-146,
257 -258, 274, 303
immanence of, 315-316, 466f.,
472-473; versus transcendence
of, 315, 319-320,
467-468, 472-473, 493
mind-body problem, xiv, 319-
320, 331, 471, 493-494
nature of, xvii, 145, 309,
315f., 344, 433f., 455f.,
472-473, 489f.
and unconsciousness, 319f.
unit of, 464f., 482f.; identity
with unit of evolution and
survival, 466, 491
See also Explanation
Moliere, xxii
Mood-signs, 178, 181, 189, 193
Morale, 88, 104-106
Morality, 264-269, 468, 480,
483, 512
and aesthetics, 265
and scientific truth, 265
See also Ethics
Morgan, Lloyd, 354
Morgenstern, 0., 122, 239
Morphogenesis, 276, 379f.
and information, 379-399,
400
Morphology, 379f.
Mu-function signals, 372f.
Index 539
Multiple determination of ideas,
62-64, 508
Mundugumor, 67
Music, 231, 375, 418, 428, 453,
469
Balinese, 113, 117
Mutation, 346f.
Mysticism, 74-75, 264-269, 301
Myth, 51, 150, 190
Myth of central origin:
Judaco-Christian, xxv, 343-
345
Iatmul, xxvi, 344
Mythology, 77, 130, 134, 141,
150, 427
National character, 88-106, 155
American, 89, 98, 99-105,
124
Balinese, 95, 100-101, 112-
121, 125, 127
and complementary relationship,
90-95, 97-105
differentiation in, 90f.
English, 92, 94, 96-97, 98,
101-105
German, 89, 94, 98-99, 100,
101, 102, 105
and heterogeneity, 90, 92-94
and learning, 89, 91-92, 297-
306
Russian, 100
and symmetrical relationship,
97f.
uniformity versus regularity
in, 90-94
National Institute of Mental
Health, xiii
Natural selection, xvii, 155,
253f., 274, 346f., 379, 405,
411, 434-435, 457f., 472,
491, 508-509
of ideas, 508-509
unit of survival in, 155, 332,
455f., 466-467, 468, 491f.,
507; identity with unit of
mind, 466, 491
See also Biological evolution
Naven, xi, xii, 76, 84-86, 90,
107-108, 110, 111, 118,
270, 323
"Negative" aggression, 325
Negative entropy, see Entropy
"Nervous impulses, " 318, 460,
490
New Guinea, xi, xxvi, 75, 81, 90,
267, 344
New School for Social Research,
73
Newton, Sir Isaac, xxiii, 38-39,
265, 269, 283
Noise, 416, 419-420, 423
Non-verbal communication,
9-13, 137f., 178f., 203, 207,
370f., 417f.
and aesthetics, 232
concern with relationship,
141, 418f.
translation into words of, 12-
13, 137-138, 419
unconsciousness of, 137-138,
374, 419, 426
use of sense organs in, 292,
370f., 377
voluntary versus involuntary,
178-179
Norris, Kenneth S., 364
"Not" :
absence of in analogic coding,
291, 326f.
absence of in animal behavior,
54-55, 57
absence of in dream, 54-56,
57, 139f., 326-327
absence of in iconic coding,
140-141, 291, 430
absence of in primary process,
54f., 139-141, 326-327
derivation of, 430-431
Objectivity :
and consciousness, 48-50
and subjectivity, 47-51
O'Brien, Barbara, 328
Observation, xx, 74
Oceanic Foundation, xiii
Oceanic Institute, xiii
Octopus, xiii
Ontoloty, 313-314
Operant conditioning, 276-277
540 Index
Optimization and maximization,
329f.
Order, xviii, xxv-xxviii, 3-8, 283,
379f.
nature of, 3-8
origin of, xxv, 343-345
See also Form and Explanation
O'Reilly, J., 277
Orestes, 480
Organization, xxvii, 154, 233,
282-283, 348, 350, 393,
411, 489f.
cultural, 90
Orgasm, 111-112, 113
Origin of Species, 345
Orthotopic transplants, 394f.
Osmundsen, Lita, xiv
Overcompensation, 264
Paralinguistics, 203, 370f.
Paranoia, 94, 200, 211
Part/whole relationship, 267,
329f., 438, 443-444, 464
Parthenogenesis and dream,
400
Pascal, Blaise, 138, 321
Pask, Gordon, 467
Patoet, 119
Pattern, xviii, xxvii, xxviii, 74,
130-134, 147-148, 154-156,
285, 411f., 420f., 455f.
See also Form
Paul, St., 432, 473, 512
Pavlovian learning, see Learning,
Pavlovian
Perception, vii, 135, 187-188,
242, 282, 292, 416, 487f.
unconscious habits of, 162-
170, 173-176; and art, 135
Perceval, John, 208, 335
Perceval's Narrative: A Patient's
Account of his Psychosis,
278, 328, 335
Petroushka, 33
Philosophie Zoologique, 434,
456
Phylogeny, 346
Play, xii, xvii, xviii, 14-20, 47,
55, 137, 178-193, 194, 203,
204, 222, 327
and combat, 53-55, 179-181,
191, 222, 327, 430
as negation, 54, 327, 430
and psychotherapy, 191-193,
224
and threat, 181-182, 189
Pleroma, 462-463, 489
Plog, Fred, 61
Poetry, 34, 37, 136, 138, 139,
222, 272, 418, 428, 444,
453, 470
and prose, 136
Pollock, Jackson, 148
Population increase, 436-437,
447, 496f.
Power, 123, 309, 313, 331-336,
440, 443, 494
See also Control and Purpose
Practice, 45-46, 47
and art, 137, 138
See also Art, and habit and
Art, skill in
Prayer, 334-335
Prediction, xxii, 30-32, 51, 131
Pregiraffe, 348-349, 353, 355,
356
Primary process, 135-136, 138-
142, 184-185, 192, 326f.,
408, 427
and art, 135-141
lack of negation in, 54f.,
139-141, 326-327
Principia Mathematica, 202,
279, 463
Probability, xxi, 3-8, 405,
408-409
economics of, 409
and learning theory, 255,
284-287
Progress, 446
Prohibition, 448
Prospero, 444
Prosser, C. L., 361
Protestantism, 35-36
Prusmack, John J., xii
Pryor, Karen, 277
Pryor, Taylor, xiii
Psychedelic drugs, viii, 444-
445, 469, 481
Index 541
Psychiatry, xxi, 159-339, 444,
512
See also Psychology and Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis, 52, 84, 110-111,
139, 202, 205, 264, 321,
324, 427
and misplaced concreteness,
82, 84, 86-87
See also Freud, Sigmund
Psychological frames, see
Frames, psychological
Psychology, xxi, 50, 63, 64, 123,
140, 162-163, 166, 170,
253, 339, 368, 459, 470
behaviorism, 321
comparative, 434, 456
gestalt, 162, 163, 187
Jungian analysis, 322
Psychotherapy, 190-193, 202,
225, 231, 233, 249, 300-
301, 302-303, 328, 512
implications of double bind
theory for, 225-227, 328,
334-335
and play, 191-193
and schizophrenia, 224f.
transference in, 191, 249, 300-
301
Psychotic break, 224, 261, 263
Punctuation of experiential sequence,
163f., 292-293,
298f., 304
Punishment, 76, 206-207, 214-
218, 236-237, 246, 247,
332, 440, 448
Purpose, xx, 49, 128, 145-146,
151, 159-166, 173, 300-301,
318, 335, 432-445, 446-
453
and consciousness, 144-146,
438f.
See also Control and Power
Pwik, 113
Pythagoras, 455
Quiescence, 318-319
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 82,
107, 115, 182
Randall, H. S., 425
Randall, J. E., 425
Random events, xxvii, 3-8,
253-255, 285, 343
Reductio ad absurdum, 327-328
Redundancy, 130-134, 147-148,
156, 285, 393, 409, 411-
416, 419-431
and learning, 421-422
See also Form
Reduplicated limbs in Amphibia,
394f.
Reduplication, 380-399
Regenerative circuits, 109, 126,
447f., 511
See also Homeostasis
"Regulators" and "adjustors, "
361f.
Reification, xxi, 64, 82-87, 271,
318, 320, 334, 507
and double bind theory,
271-272
in psychoanalysis, 82, 84, 87
of self, 318, 331, 468-469
Reinforcement, 247, 255, 274f.,
282f., 366, 368
Relationship, 35, 132, 140f.,
153-155, 233, 246, 267,
275, 297-300, 304, 309,
338-339
communication about, 9-13,
56, 57, 137, 139f., 177,
275, 364f., 427, 478f.
complementary, 67, 68, 90,
233-234, 260, 322f.; and
alcoholism, 322f.; logical
typing of, 323; and national
character, 90-105; and
schismogenesis, 68-72, 109-
110, 155, 324f.
part/whole, 267, 306, 329f.,
438, 443-444, 464
reciprocal, 68-69; and schismogenesis,
70
symmetrical, 67, 68, 77-79,
260, 322f.; and alcoholism,
322f.; logical typing of,
323; and national character,
97-105; and schiscontinued
542 Index
mogenesis, 68-72, 109-110,
155, 324f.
Religion, viii, xxiv, 37, 62f.,
139, 146, 183, 266, 333,
408, 444, 453, 467-468,
503
in Bali, 161
Religious communion, viii, 329
Religious conversion, 301, 326
and alcoholism, 326, 331f.
Representationalism in art, 130,
149
Repression, 135
Restraint, 130-132, 381, 405f.
See also Form
Reversal learning, 296, 302
Richards, A. I., 63
Richardson, L. F., 109-111, 324
Rigidity, 263, 274
See also Flexibility
Ritual, 134, 174, 182, 222, 408,
423
Rivalry, see Competition
Rockefeller Foundation, xii,
xiii, 201
Roheim, G., 96
Rote learning, see Learning,
rote
Rouault, Georges, 188
Royal Anthropological Institute,
81
Ruesch, Jurgen, xii, 177, 227,
301, 314
Runaway, 328, 436f., 447, 449,
490
See also Homeostasis
Russell, Bertrand, 177, 180,
186, 189, 202, 279, 296,
365, 375, 483
Ryder, Robert, 271
Sacrament, xviii, xxiii, 35-37.
183, 203
St. John's College, Cambridge,
xi
Salk, Jonas, 433
Schismogenesis, 64, 68-72, 108-
111, 121, 126-127, 155,
324, 333, 447
absence of in Bali, 112-116,
127
and alcoholism, 322f.
and complementary relationship,
68-72, 109-110, 155,
324f.
and ethos, 107-115
and feedback, 324 .
and reciprocal relationship,
70
and symmetrical relationship,
68-72, 109-110, 155, 324f.
See also Annaments races
and Homeostasis
Schizophrenia, xiv, xviii, 190,
194-200, 201-227, 228-243,
244, 246, 252, 258-262,
272-273, 310, 339, 369,
377
asymmetrical relationship
in schizophrenic family,
'237
difficulty with first person
pronoun in, 208, 230, 235,
306
disorientation in, 208, 210
and environmental factors,
259-260, 273
epidemiology of, 194-200
etiology of, 194, 197, 201-
203, 206-207, 236, 272
and fiction, 222-223
genetics of, 197, 234, 258-
259, 262-264, 273
hallucination in, 208, 223,
323, 328, 335
homeostasis in, 221
and hypnosis, 223
and learning, 234, 241f.,
305-306
and logical types, 194, 196,
202-208, 213-214
metacommunication in, 194-
200, 208, 210, 213f., 234-
236
and metaphor, 140, 190-191,
192, 199, 205, 209-210,
222, 235-236, 261
nature of, 194-200, 201-227
"overt" and "covert, " 261-
263
Index 543
and psychotherapy, 201,
224f.
psychotic break in, 224, 261,
263
role of family in, 206f., 228f.,
260-262
stochastic process in, 260f.
"word salad" in, 190, 192,
194
See also Double bind
Science:
application of, 160-165, 175,
264-269
nature of, xx-xxviii, 74-87,
244-245, 264-269, 271
Sebeok, Thomas A., 417
Second law of thermodynamics,
xxi, 3-8, 343
Secondary process, 139, 185
Selection, artificial, 357
Self, nature of, xx, 41, 46, 242-
243, 267, 303f., 313-337,
437f., 448, 450-451, 467-
468, 492
reification of, 318, 331, 468-
469
Self-control, 312f.
See also Control
Self-corrective circuits, 109,
127, 211-212, 267, 315-
319, 321, 35'2f., 381, 406,
426, 435, 447, 490
conservative nature of, 435,
447 See also Homeostasis
Sepik River Valley, xxvi
See also Iatmul and New
Guinea
Septem Sermones ad Mortuos,
461, 489
"Serenity Prayer, " 334-335
Set learning, see Learning, set
Set theory, 186-189
Shannon, Claude, xxi, 482
Siegel, Bernard, xii
Silent Spring, 497
Silkworth, William D., 331
Simmonds, N. W., 357
Sin, 442
Sing dadi, 119
Smith, Bernard, 311
Social planning, 159-166,
175-176
Social Sciences Research
Council, 61
Sociology, xxi, 66, 72, 83
Socrates, 469
Somatic change, 346-363
necessity of, 348f.
parameters of, 347f.
"Sort of, " 33-37
Special Creation, xiv
Specialization:
and diversity, 505
and flexibility, 505
Stanford University Press, xii
Steady state, 124-127, 345
See also Homeostasis
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 229
Stochastic process:
in evolution, 255f., 266-267,
355, 508
in learning, 255f., 284f., 509
in schizophrenia, 260f.
See also Trial and error
Stroud, John, 252, 270
Structure, 153-154, 344-345,
401
cultural, 65-66, 69, 83-84,
85
See also Form
Stupidity, xx
Subjectivity:
and objectivity, 47-58
and unconsciousness, 50-58
Substance, see Explanation and
Matter
Succoring-dependence, 91f.,
109, 110, 155, 299-300,
323, 324
Supernumerary double legs in
Coleoptera, 384f.
Suppression, 264
Surrender, 53, 312-313, 325,
330-332
and aggression, 325
Survival, xviii, 255, 264, 338-
339, 348f., 435, 447, 457f.,
467, 509-510
See also Biological evolution
544 Index
Survival and evolution, unit of,
155, 332, 456f., 466-467,
468, 507
identity with unit of mind,
466, 491
Sweet, F. H., 394
Symmetry, 414, 416
biological, xvii, xviii, 74, 76-
77, 379f.
radial and bilateral, 382f.
See also Asymmetry
Synaptic summation, 463
Synecdoche, 421
Systems theory, xiv, xxviii,
309-337, 446, 456
See also Cybernetics
Taoism, vii, 160
Tautology, xxi, xxiii
Technology, 48f., 146, 170,
314, 332, 337, 440, 446,
452, 468, 473, 493, 496-
501, 503, 510
Teilhard de Chardin, 472
Teratological variation, 380f.
Thompson, D'Arcy, 232
Thyestes, 480
Time, xxiii, 51, 66, 175, 197,
235, 281, 288, 316, 331,
339, 344-345, 442, 458
and evolution, 338-339, 354-
355, 396
Tinbergen, N., 181
Tolerance, 28-29
Totemism, 81, 492
Transcendence versus immanence,
320, 467-468,
472-473, 493
Transcontextual process, 272-
278
and genetics, 273
Transference in psychotherapy,
191, 249, 300-301
Trauma, 90, 92, 196, 198, 199,
206, 207, 233, 245
Trial and error, 257, 274, 284f.,
300-301, 317, 331, 352,
362, 457, 465-466, 491
See also Stochastic process
Trieben, 138
Trobriand Islanders, 173-174
"Twelve Steps" of Alcoholics
Anonymous, 312-313, 333
"Twelve Traditions" of Alcoholics
Anonymous, 333,
334
Unconsciousness, 129, 134-142,
184, 320, 323, 444, 467,
469
and art, see Art
and consciousness, 129, 134-
147
and deutero-learning, 3OOf.
economics of, 136, 141-143
impossibility of translation
into consciousness of, 135-
137, 138, 139
of non-verbal communication,
137-138, 419, 426
relation to total mind, 319f.
and subjectivity, 50-58
unconscious habits of perception,
135, 487f.
Unity, cultural, 62-67
Van Gogh, Vincent, 135, 143
Van Slooten, Judith, xiv
Variability, genetic, 357
Variation, 253, 255, 379f.
See also Differentiation and
Specialization
Versailles, Treaty of, 478-485
Veterans Administration Hospital,
xii, xviii, 310
"Vicious" circles, 109, 126
See also Homeostasis
Vickers, Sir Geoffrey, 467
Vietnam, 442, 482
Virgin Islands, xiii
Vitalism, 266
Von Domarus, E., 205
Von Foerster, H., 270
Von Neumann, John, xii, 122,
123, 239, 241, 285, 482
See also Game theory
Waddington, C. H., 256-258,
270, 360
Wallace, Russell, 434-435
545
Zen Buddhism, 135, 208, 301,
303, 304, 370, 511
and double binds, 208
Zen in the Art of Archery, 135
Index
Will, 312-313
See also Free will
Wilmer, H. H., 234
Wilson, Woodrow, 479f.
Wisdom, 145-147, 150, 439,
440, 442, 444, 451-453,
503
definition of, 146
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 131, 177
Wolves, 366, 374, 375
"Word salad, " 190, 192, 194
World War I, 479f.
World War II, xii, 478, 480,
482
Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 448
War, 104-106
in Bali, 114
See also Armaments races
Watson, Goodwin, 88
Weakland, John, xii, 201, 202,
228, ~34, 269
Weaning in Canidae, 365-366,
423
Weismann, August, 270, -346,
348
Weismannian barrier, 346-348,
450
Wenner-Gren Foundation, xiv,
440
Whitehead, Alfred North, 64,
177, 186, 202, 279, 365,
375, 472, 483
Whitman, Walt, 128
Whorf, B. L., 177
Wiener, Norbert, xii, xiii, 482
Return to Table of Contents
|