|
Chapter 21:
Does Scientology Work?
... I would say there is no
validity [to Scientology processing]. But within Scientology you find a
great deal of very direct truths, but then it is sort of like a bre'r
rabbit tar baby. Inside the tar is this little nugget of truth; but all
this black tar is over the side of it so people reach for the truth and
they get all hung up in the tar and the various organizations and the
science itself becomes perverted.
-- L. Ron Hubbard Jr.{1}
Hubbard once
claimed that processing could help or cure such ailments as astigmatism,
arthritis, allergies, asthma, bursitis, cataracts, some coronary
difficulties, colds, dermatitis, possibly diabetes, glandular imbalance,
leukemia (which Hubbard said may have been caused by an engram which
recorded the expression "it turns my blood to water"), migraine
headaches, polio, radiation burns, sinusitis, thyroid malfunctioning,
tuberculosis, ulcers, etc.{2}
In addition, Dianetics, and possibly Scientology is supposed to "turn on
and run out incipient cancer,"{3} and Hubbard believed that cancer,
"especially malignant cancer," may be caused by engrams.{4} One man in
Scientology who was dying of a malignant growth in his stomach spent two
and a half to six hours a day for several months while his auditor asked
him (among other things): "What stomach can you confront?" "What stomach
would you rather not confront?" "Think of a stomach you can confront?"
"Think of a stomach you'd rather not confront," etc. The man died.{5}
Hubbard has also claimed that Dianetics or Scientology can alter the
shape of the body and make people grow taller, make them ambidextrous,
make the insane sane, cure chronic chills, impotency, manic states,
laryngitis, make children more beautiful, change the personality,
improve Parkinson's disease, and make large bruises disappear in
forty-five minutes.{6} Scientology processing can apparently even bring
the dead back to life, since Hubbard described a miracle one of his
auditors performed that he said "the Pope himself would have been proud
to own." Hubbard claims they brought a dead child back to life by
ordering the thetan back and telling him to take over the body again.{7}
Unfortunately, many of Hubbard's claims have not been and cannot be
substantiated. There isn't time to analyze all of these claims. One
claim, however, is that Scientology can relieve radiation burns, and
that the reaction to radiation in persons who have been given processing
was "by actual tests" much lower than those who have not received it.
Hubbard considers himself to be an expert in this field, and even wrote
a book as a "nuclear physicist" entitled All About Radiation. As in
almost all of Hubbard's books, the dedication was more interesting than
the book. That one was dedicated to Winston Churchill "who could have
written and said it much better" and Dwight David Eisenhower "who could
solve it if he had a little more cooperation."{8}
In All About Radiation Hubbard said they could "run out radiation" and
"proof" people up against it. How can he prove such claims? He can't. So
Scientologists simply say that they can cure the radiation we have in
our bodies right now from our past lives.{9} One can doubt it, but it's
hard to disprove. They even sold a pill, Dianezene, to be used to wipe
out radiation from our current and past lives.{10}
Scientology is supposed to improve marriages,{11} but the rate of
divorce at the Orgs would put Hollywood to shame.{12} Even Hubbard has
been married three times. Two of the marriages were very stormy (he
claims that this is because his first wives weren't Scientologists,
while his current one is{13} -- he not only met her in Dianetics but she
sometimes acts as his auditor{14}).
Scientology is supposed to cure frigidity. One woman who went to
Scientology for that purpose was taught things that caused her husband
to get a separate bed. Eventually he divorced her.{15} In another case,
a man refused to have sex with his wife because he felt he was too high
on Hubbard's "tone scale" and that his wife was too low to bother.{16}
Scientology is supposed to improve creativity but some Scientologists,
while believing they're getting more and more creative every day,
actually have stopped painting, writing, and sculpting, and spend all of
their time on Scientology.{17} Scientology is supposed to improve
memory, but the one time Hubbard publicly introduced a clear who was
supposed to be able to remember everything, including every single
moment of her past, most of the audience of 6,000 people walked out when
she was unable to remember a single formula in physics -- the subject
she was majoring in at the time -- or even the color of Hubbard's tie
when his back was turned.{18}
Scientology claims it can increase a person's I.Q., while actually the
I.Q. can't be increased substantially.{19} Nonetheless, Hubbard wrote
President Kennedy that Scientology could increase the I.Q. at the rate
of one point for every hour of auditing,{20} and he once told a reporter
that he had raised an I.Q. from 83 to 212.{21} Like many of Hubbard's
claims, however, raising the I.Q. makes for good advertising copy and
helps to bring insecure people into the Orgs. Hubbard told his followers
that if someone's I.Q. is low, tell him "Scientology training can raise
that." If it's high, tell him "I.Q. means little unless a person knows
something with it."{22}
Furthermore, afterwards, these people feel that they've been helped by
Scientology because they believe that their I.Q. has been raised. What
has actually improved is only the score on their I.Q. test -- and why
shouldn't it? There is some evidence that the Scientologists give the
same test twice.{23}
Psychologists for years have been aware of the "practice effect" which
means, in effect, that someone given the same test twice will do better
the second time, not because they'll cheat and look up the answers they
missed, or discuss it with someone else who took the test, which is
always a possibility, but because they are familiar with the
surroundings, they understand the test and the directions better, they
are less nervous, etc.{24} Not true, says Hubbard, "Everybody in the ...
Universe is on a `mustn't happen again' and we automatically figure that
a test taken twice will get a worse grade the second time."{25}
One of the reasons that many of Scientology's claims can't be
substantiated is that much of Hubbard's research runs counter to common
knowledge and sometimes to common sense. During the days of Dianetics,
for instance, perhaps it should have been called "Diarrhetics" since
Hubbard gave preclears large doses of a haphazard mixture of vitamins
and glutamic acid called "guk"{26} in order to make them "run better" --
although there's little evidence elsewhere that diarrhea improves mental
health.
His theory of the Boo-Hoo, or the primeval clam, is another example of
his strange reasoning. He stated that his Boo-Hoo which "marked the
transition from life in the sea to life on land" had a miserable life
because it could get stranded or attacked by predatory birds. But if
life was just emerging from the sea, where did the predatory birds come
from?{27}
Another claim: In his book called the History of Man he used the example
of Piltdown Man to support one of his theories.{28} Even after Piltdown
Man was exposed as a scientific hoax, Hubbard didn't change his theory.
In the same book, he told how Scientology could cure toothaches, a
description which would surely make every dentist or even medically
knowledgeable person cringe:
The Pulp of a tooth, for instance,
tracks back, cell by cell, to early engrams; when these are relieved a
"toothache" in that tooth becomes almost impossible, no matter how many
"nerves" are exposed, a matter which brings about quite a revolution in
dentistry.{29}
In his
best-seller, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, he said
that Dianetics could improve hearing as follows:
... calcium deposits, for example,
can make the ears ring incessantly. The removal of aberrations permits
the ear to readjust toward its reachable optimum, the calcium deposits
disappear and the ears stop ringing.{30}
The trouble with
this is that it has never been proven in the first place that calcium
deposits cause ringing in the ear.
Perhaps some of these discrepancies have appeared because of the nature
of Hubbard's "research" discussed in the last chapter. According to his
second wife, who was married to him at the time he was supposed to be
doing his research, there was no research done, no subjects run, the
book was written in three months off the top of his head, and the "case
studies" were the figment of his fertile imagination.{31} Furthermore,
as many people have suspected, she said the 1938 supposedly stolen
manuscript Excalibur did not exist. She said it was one of those books
that Hubbard always said he might like to write one day.
A reading of Hubbard's case studies seems to support the notion that his
Dianetic theories emerged from his own imagination. Those cases that
Hubbard described "in detail," which for him meant two pages, are simply
rather hard to believe.{32}
For example, he cited the case of a man who got an impacted wisdom tooth
which had to be pulled, a situation that ultimately led to the man's
being put in a mental institution. In the beginning of this "case
history" the man met a nurse who was "sexually aberrated" and an "aberee
among aberees," who pumped him for information about his life while he
was unconscious.
A few years later he met someone similar to the nurse, divorced his wife
and married the pseudo nurse. His teeth got worse. His cavities
increased. His memory degenerated. He developed eye troubles and a
strange conjunctivitis. His lungs hurt. His energy dissipated. And
because the dentist leaned on his stomach and chest with a sharp elbow
during the wisdom teeth operation, he had stomach pains. Naturally he
started beating his wife, in this case because the dentist had been
angry with the original nurse. The wife, in turn, attempted suicide. And
this man ended up in a mental institution. "Only the cavalry in this one
case, arrived in the form of Dianetics and cleared the patient and the
wife and they are happy today. This is an actual engram and an actual
case history," Hubbard added, just in case no one believed him.{33}
Ira Wallach in
Hopalong Freud poked fun at Hubbard's scientific experiments. "Here is a
classic example of the flex" he wrote, meaning an engram,
drawn from one of the 855 patients
on whom the Diapetic Institute conducted clinical tests with maddeningly
strict scientific controls. Shortly after conception the foetus in
question overheard an argument between its parents. The argument,
acrimonious in character, reached its climax when the mother shouted "Go
ahead, you son of a bitch, hit me with that andiron...." Whenever the
patient in adult life caught sight of an andiron (or a son of a bitch)
he insisted upon being beaten on the head....{34}
Yet Scientologists
take as gospel truth every word that Hubbard writes, even if they don't
understand it. Although some of Hubbard's writing is poetic, some of it
is also incomprehensible and a lot of it is just pretentious. Some of
this may be a put-on; for example, he wrote an article telling his
followers that it was best to use soup cans for the E-meter,{35} and
titled the article "E-meter Electrodes: A Dissertation on Soup Cans."
But Hubbard also seems to try deliberately to be incomprehensible,
perhaps confusing inscrutability with wisdom. He has written seven
Prelogics and twenty-four Logics plus fifty-eight Scientology axioms{36}
("AFFINITY IS A SCALE OF ATTITUDES WHLCH FALLS AWAY FROM THE COEXISTENCE
OF STATIC, THROUGH THE INTERPOSITIONS OF DISTANCE AND ENERGY TO CREATE
IDENTITY DOWN TO CLOSE PROXIMITY BUT MYSTERY"), and one
hundred-ninety-four Dianetic axioms ("THETA VIA LAMDA EFFECTS AN
EVOLUTION OF MEST"). The Australian Report commented on these, saying
that "as axioms they claim to be self-evident truths, but they are
neither true nor self evident."{37}
And yet Hubbard, the same person who wrote the above, is always saying
that Scientologists should never go past any word they don't
understand,{38} and he even goes to the trouble of defining simple
little words like "synonymous" for his followers.{39} Perhaps he should
have also defined the following:
I think ... if what we really
observed was what we were observing that we always observed to observe.
And not necessarily maintaining a skeptical attitude, a critical
attitude, or an open mind. But certainly maintaining sufficient Personal
Integrity and sufficient personal belief and confidence in self and
courage that we observe what we observe and weigh what we have
observed.{40}
Still, his
followers believe that every word he writes is The Truth. In fact, a
group of Hubbard's admirers wrote a book comparing his statements with
the Bible (along with Saint Thomas Aquinas) where they believed the
meanings were parallel.{41}
It's hard to believe that Scientology or Dianetics has actually ever
helped anybody. Yet the Scientologists have testimonial books in their
lobby filled with "success stories" of people who have been helped by
Scientology, and they even have a Director of Success at the Orgs who
elicits these testimonials.{42} The testimonials delivered do not tell
of long range effects, however.
Even if these testimonials are not of very much value, the fact remains
that a great number of people believe that they have been helped by
Scientology and Dianetics, and probably many of them have been helped.
Below are two testimonials, and while there were literally hundreds to
choose from, these two were very complete, listing a large number of
ailments that had been cured and a variety of ways that Dianetics had
helped them.
The first letter comes from a 35-year old woman who had an unbelievable
host of symptoms: she used to cry all the time, couldn't see very well,
was very nervous, had trouble gaining weight, was inhibited, dependent,
afraid of crowds, had pains on her side, the measles she had at eleven
seemed to have "settled in her left eye," was constantly talking, and
had two operations during the time she was in Dianetics. She kept a
diary over a period of a few months to show how processing had not only
helped her relieve a large number of these symptoms but enabled her
breasts and feet to grow and her hair to curl:
My hair ... in the last three
weeks it curls more than ever.... I can't explain it but my feet seem to
be growing! Of course I am developing more all over. I have had rather
large pores around my nose for several years. In the last week I noticed
that my skin has smoothed out and is more like when I was twenty ...
about two months ago I noticed my feet seemed to be growing ... before
starting on these sessions my breasts were unusually small. In fact, I
wore a size 32A brassiere ... I am now wearing a size 34C and from all
indications will wear still larger. My breasts never really developed as
they should, but now, thanks to Dianetics, I am beginning to be as
nature intended.{43}
Although no one in
the center apparently recognized it, including Hubbard who presented
this case, any doctor or psychiatrist would have immediately questioned
whether she was being helped or whether a basic schizophrenic condition
was being exacerbated. As she continued to be processed (and the above
entry represents diary jottings from several months) she thought she was
being helped, but perhaps she was actually acquiring or aggravating
schizophrenic symptoms. It is a fairly common delusion among a certain
type of schizophrenic that parts of the body are growing and changing.
The next letter is a testimonial to a Dianetics Center:
During the past week through
Dianetics processing I have been relieved of pains in the stomach due to
ulcers; have regained hearing in my right ear in which I have been deaf
for three and a half years; have regained the ability to breathe through
my nostrils which I had not been able to do for the past six or seven
years; have been relieved of severe constipation which has been
continuous for at least six years and now my stools are entirely normal;
the burning sensation of my eyes of eight or nine years duration caused
by electrical flashes has been relieved, and I am no longer bothered by
headaches after using my eyes for reading. I had not been able to do any
extensive reading at night for the past seven or eight years without
getting headaches and for several years I have had cramps in my legs and
feet at night until the past week....{44}
Many people would
agree, however, that this letter comes from an extremely neurotic woman,
whose ailments were probably psychosomatic. They couldn't have been
cured in a week without medication if they had really had a
physiological basis. For her, Dianetics seems to have acted as a form of
faith healing, and like any form of faith healing, Dianetics and
Scientology can be effective -- however they may be effective only on
those who are so suggestible that they might have been helped by
anything so long as they believed in it and stayed with it. But what
happens when a Scientologist loses faith and stops believing? Most
Scientologists never find out because they never lose faith and leave.
Instead of preparing them to cope with the real world, as therapy would,
Scientology prepares them to cope with the world of Scientology.
There are always new courses for them to take. When they get tired of
being audited they can always audit others. When they get tired of the
Org they can join the Sea Org. And when they get tired of all that, they
can get a franchise -- excuse me, start a mission -- and go into the
Scientology business themselves. Thus, they may be helped, but only at a
tremendous cost in time and money.
For some the cost is even higher. In one case, Robert Kaufman, who wrote
a fascinating book called How I Joined Scientology and Became
Superhuman, was in a New York Scientology franchise at first, but then
went to Saint Hill to take the advanced courses that are offered there.
Not long after his arrival there, he was upset to see two Scientologists
who were in an advanced state of severe emotional disturbance under
twenty-four-hour watch. He was told that one had just gone clear and
that the other was in the midst of the course.
In addition, he was appalled by what he describes as "the police-state
type atmosphere of the place and constant punishments, like the
dirty-gray armbands they forced people to wear for the most trivial
mistake." He writes that he "was in a state of walking hypnotism. Part
of me was repelled by what I saw, and the other part of me desperately
wanted to go on to catch the Golden Fleece and go `clear.' "
He went clear after he left Saint Hill and went to Edinburgh, but he
discovered that the symptoms that had started at Saint Hill were getting
worse. He still couldn't sleep at night, and when he would finally
collapse from exhaustion, he would wake up in the morning with an acute
attack of anxiety. Fearing that his symptoms would get worse if he
stopped, he continued on with the next three secret upper levels, whose
description is so strange as to be almost unbelievable.
Kaufman claims that these strange exercises caused him to "undergo
extreme disorientation and splitting of personality" plus a new symptom:
an obsession to commit suicide. He says that all during this time "I
felt rotten, but every time I reached another level, everyone would
smile, pat me on the back, hand me my certificates [diplomas] -- and
take my money for the next course."
By the end of this time, plus a brief stint back in America, he had
spent about $8,000 in Scientology and the only thing that kept him from
suicide was his fear that if he did so it would "invalidate Scientology"
and his name would be put on the bulletin board. (Kaufman was the man
mentioned earlier who was so upset over the notices posted on the
bulletin board about the epileptic who died.) But in the end he no
longer cared, and in order to save his own life, he voluntarily
committed himself to a mental institution. Today he is out of the
hospital and has no desire ever to return to Scientology.
Another even worse case involves a Falls Church, Virginia, couple and
their two children: one was retarded and the other, while speaking early
in his life, later stopped talking. The couple went to Scientology for
help with the second child, and Hubbard, his wife, and several others in
the Washington Church at that time all promised to increase the child's
I.Q., "improve on nature whatever happened to be the defect," and cause
him to speak within a specific number of hours.
At the end of the twelve-week session, when the child still couldn't
speak, the distraught parents were told that the Scientologists were at
a near breakthrough and that they should continue with the processing
and take more courses than they had originally agreed upon. The couple
could ill afford to lose this money, since they raised it by cashing in
life insurance bonds and a small inheritance. Although it eventually
cost them over $3,000 "as a contribution to spiritual guidance," the
child was never able to speak.{45}
The Australian Report presented something worse, as they put it, a woman
"processed into insanity."{46} They had set up a special two-way mirror
to witness Scientology techniques so that they could judge the merits of
their auditing. Such a situation would of course be a little different
than a regular auditing session, since the person was aware that he was
being observed, and the sessions were shorter than the usual.
They watched a woman who had already had sixty hours of Scientology
processing and had signed up for a total of 300. At the beginning of the
session she said her goals for the session were that she would get
"wins" and feel more positive about things, that she would feel calmer,
and she could handle situations at home. At the conclusion of the
session, when her goals were read out to her, she claimed she had made
"gains" in all of them. Nine days later she entered a mental hospital. A
psychiatrist who saw the transcript of the demonstration session told
the board that her behavior obviously indicated she was in a state of
mania -- not ecstasy -- and that this would have been apparent to a
psychiatrist.
A slightly similar case occurred in England. In March, 1967, Mr. Peter
Hordern got up in Parliament to describe the case of one of his
constituents, Karen Henslow, a thirty-year-old manic-depressive who had
been institutionalized three times.{47} Scientologists were aware of her
background. Her contact with Scientology started when she met at a dance
an Australian, Murray Youdell, who was taking the highest auditing grade
at Saint Hill.
He began to audit Miss Henslow, although she told him of her illness,
and in January she was interviewed at Saint Hill. Karen told her mother
that she had mentioned her illness to them, saying "I told her all about
my illness and I cried. She [probably the Registrar] was sweet and
understanding." Later, in May, she was offered a job as a "Progress and
Filing Clerk" for about $18 a week, of which she had to relinquish about
$10 for bed and breakfast.
After two weeks in Scientology she disconnected from her mother and
wrote saying, "... I do not want to see you or hear from you again. From
now on you don't exist in my life...." The same day the mother received
a second letter, with no date, apologizing for the first letter and
saying she wanted to "nullify it as a communication," and that it was
mailed without her permission. "You are the last person I want to
disconnect from" she wrote. Later, among Karen's possessions were four
more letters labeling friends and relatives suppressive.
On July 27, two months after she began Scientology, Karen arrived at her
mother's house dressed in only a nightgown and raincoat and shoes and
"in a completely deranged condition," according to her mother. With her
was Mr. Youdell, along with another Scientologist. Mrs. Henslow said the
other Scientologist had processed Karen for three hours the previous
night to try to get her better.{48} It apparently didn't work. Later
that night, Karen went screaming from her house and was subsequently put
in a mental institution. The consulting psychiatrist in charge of her
case allegedly said that Scientology had "probably precipitated" her
collapse.{49} Karen felt she had benefited from Scientology and stated
that she wanted to return to it when she left the hospital.
During a subsequent interview on the matter, Mr. Youdell, who had gotten
Karen into Scientology allegedly "answered ... questions ... with an
unblinking stare and a colleague said Mr. Youdell was `in cycle' and not
to be interrupted," and referred inquiries to Mr. Reg. Sharpe, Mr.
Hubbard's personal assistant.
Mr. Sharpe, a man in his sixties who wears the badge of a "clear"{50}
and is said to work for Hubbard for no pay,{51} said "We tried to help
this girl. We did not know she had a mental history. We do not take on
for processing anyone who has got a mental history."{52} That such a
statement is not true seems obvious not only from this case (although
the Scientologists claim that they did not know about her illness but
that only Murray Youdell did), but also from another letter reported by
the Daily Mail in England.
This letter was allegedly written by two Scientologists to tell the
"success story" of a girl who went to Saint Hill: "At that time Hilary
was completely broken down in mind and body; having spent the past four
years in various mental hospitals undergoing `treatment.' "{53}
In reading Hubbard's work one comes across reference to "psychotic"
people that were helped, and in his PABS (Preclear Auditor's Book) #3
Hubbard even told what procedure to use in "Processing psychotics vs.
neurotics."{54} That Scientologists do occasionally take in mentally
disturbed people was also revealed in court during one of the American
tax cases. They admitted that they did take in mental cases because a
registrar would feel sorry for someone with a problem and want to help
them. Attorney Michael I. Sanders had asked:
Q: Were exceptions [i.e., people
taken in who were disturbed] made in those cases where the preclear had
available funds?
A: There would usually be, because
the Org needed funds rather badly.{55}
In addition to
working with mentally disturbed people or at least people who have been
institutionalized at one time, there is also some evidence that they
have worked with mentally deficient people. In Ability magazine Hubbard
once described the case of a person with an I.Q. of seventy-three{56} --
which is officially classified as a "moron" -- which he raised to
eighty-eight -- which, by the way, is still classified as a moron.
Despite these cases and others, Scientology claims that no one was ever
harmed by Scientology or Dianetics. They may be right when they say that
Dianetics and Scientology did not cause these people's difficulties. But
letting an auditor, without proper medical or psychological training,
work with people who may have had mental and physical disturbances would
seem to be a dangerous practice{57} -- even if they claim to be treating
only the spirit. And having an auditor try to help people by taking them
back to the womb and their former lives might not be as beneficial as
having them talk out their real problems in their real life.
There are fourteen stages of crawling before a child can actually walk;
the mind, too, develops in a somewhat hierarchical manner, and each of
these steps must be stabilized somewhat before the person can safely
move from one to another. Scientologists, encouraged by auditors whose
qualifications are questionable, may move on to the next step before
they are ready to handle it. And like walking before they can crawl --
they may fall flat on their psychical faces.
_______________
Notes:
{1} first quote [255]
{2} what Scientology can cure [6]
{3} radiation burns; turn on and run out cancer [1]
{4} cancer engrammatic [6]
{5} man processed for cancer [261]
{6} other Scientology claims [254]
{7} Hubbard quote on dead child and pope [29]
{8} Scientology claims for radiation; book; dedication [1]
{9} radiation in past lives [255]
{10} Dianezene [255]
{11} Scientology improves marriages [126]
{12} divorces at org [278]
{13} wife a Scientologist [142]
{14} wife is auditor [261]
{15} frigidity case [158]
{16} tone scale [261]
{17} stop being creative [141a, 278]
{18} clear who couldn't remember [264]
{19} IQ can't be raised [261]
{20} IQ increases one pt. for one hour [24]
{21} raised IQ from 88-212 {83?} [142]
{22} Hubbard quote on what to tell people about IQ [84]
{23} same test twice [261]
{24} practice effect [261]
{25} Hubbard quote on test twice [21]
{26} guk [154]
{27} where were birds from [142]
{28} Piltdown Man [171]
{29} curing toothaches [9]
{30} ears ringing [6]
{31} inaccuracies [135]
{32} Freud {Hubbard?} discussed cases in detail [143]
{33} man with wisdom tooth [6]
{34} quote by Ira Wallach [265]
{35} Soup cans [20]
{36} axioms, etc. [2]
{37} not true or self-evident [261]
{38} don't go past word you don't understand [23]
{39} defines synonymous [10]
{40} Hubbard quote on observation [141a]
{41} parallels with Bible [11]
{42} testimonials [278]
{43} {testimonial} letter from woman whose body changed [27]
{44} other {testimonial} letter [125]
{45} Virginian couple [255]
{46} Australian woman [261]
{47} Henslow story [172, 257]
{48} drills she repeated [173] {ambiguous citation}
{49} psychiatrist said Scientology probably precipitated attack;
interview with Youdell [172]
{50} (51) Sharpe a clear [171]
{51} (52) Sharpe statements [172]
{52} (53) claim they don't accept mental patients [29]
{53} (50) other girl disturbed in Scientology [172] {ambiguous citation}
{54} processing psychotics [18]
{55} take disturbed for feel sorry for them; quote on taking money [255]
{56} IQ of 77 {73?}, etc. [43]
{57} have needed hospitalization [261, 272] {ambiguous citation}
Extraneous citation notes:
{58} (60) poem [42]
{59} (61) Hubbard poem [45]
Go to Next Page
|