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FBI FILES ON L. RON HUBBARD |
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FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 241
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 6/8/71 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : SAC, MIAMI (100-16363) (RUC) SUBJECT: HUBBARD SCIENTOLOGY ORGANIZATION (OO: INDIANAPOLIS) Re Indianapolis airtels to Los Angeles 4/26/71 and 5/7/71, Los Angeles letter to Indianapolis 5/25/71. Enclosed for the Indianapolis Office are xerox copies of the following communications of interest in this matter: Miami letter and LHM to the Bureau 6/7/60, captioned "The Founding Church of Scientology, Information Concerning". Miami letter to the Bureau 2/21/62, captioned "The Founding Church of Scientology, Information Concerning". Miami airtel and LHM to the Bureau 2/8/63, captioned "The Founding Church of Scientology, Information Concerning". It is noted that the Scientology Office at 3898 Biscayne Boulevard, Miami was closed a short time ago. It is noted that the Miami Office is at 3801 Biscayne Boulevard. Investigation at Miami has been completed. 2 - Bureau (RM) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 242 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 7-7-71 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : SAC, INDIANAPOLIS (100-22782) (C) SUBJECT: HUBBARD SCIENTOLOGY ORGANIZATION OO: INDIANAPOLIS Re Miami letter to Director dated 6-8-71; Los Angeles letter to Indianapolis dated 5-25-71; and Miami airtel to Director dated 2-8-63. The following investigation was conducted by the Los Angeles Division: Indices of the Los Angeles Division reveal this organization is also known as: (1) The Academy of Scientology As of 1963, the organization was utilizing letterhead stationery with the return address of: The Founding Church of Scientology Local bookstores and newsstands carrying paperback books in the Southern California area have a 156 page paperback by WALTER BRADDESON titled "Scientology For The Millions," published by Universal-Award House, Inc., 235 East 45th Street, New York, New York 10017; which discusses article on Scientology described it as "a growing cult that reaches dangerously into the mind." 2 - Bureau (RM) Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan [page 2] IP 100-22782 The April 24, 1951, issue of the "Times Herald," Washington, D.C. newspaper, revealed that L. RON HUBBARD, founder of Scientology was charged by his wife, in a divorce complaint, as "hopelessly insane," and as having subjected her to "scientific torture experiments." The appendix of the above mentioned paperback by WALTER BRADDESON indicates Scientology had headquarters in England, Scotland, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Rhodesia, and Denmark. It lists the Washington, D.C. office as 1812 19th Street, N.W.; and the Miami, Florida, address as 3898 Biscayne Boulevard, Miami, Florida 33137. An article from the Los Angeles Times," metropolitan Los Angeles daily newspaper, Part I, Page 23, October 10, 1970, captioned, "Ex-Scientologist Tells of Fear' Atmosphere," describes an interview by Times staff religion writer JOHN DART with one JOHN MC MASTERS, of South Africa. According to the article, MC MASTERS was a self-described former personal representative of Scientology's founder, L. RON HUBBARD. According to the article, MC MASTERS resigned from Scientology the November prior to the above reported interview. He described the Church of Scientology and other organization run by L. R[?] HUBBARD "as engaging in spiritual tyranny.'" The article continues in part, "MC MASTERS said he resigned because of unnecessary harshness' in the organization that kept people [?] a kind of electronic jiter. He said he also opposed his re-assignment from a public relations mission to the United Nat[?] to service aboard one of the Scientology Sea Organization's several yachts." 2 [page 3] IP 100-22782 For information of the Bureau, Indianapolis was first involved in this investigation on 4-26-71, [BLACKED OUT] appeared at the Kokomo RA concerning his daughter who was soon to leave her job for a position with the Hubbard Scientology Organization. She was working at [BLACKED OUT] at the time. [BLACKED OUT] was concerned as his daughter was giving up a good job to serve with this organization reportedly aboard a ship somewhere in the Mediterranean. Leads were sent to Los Angeles, California, and Miami, Florida, for any information regarding Hubbard Scientology Organization. Indianapolis is in possession of requested information and no further investigation is being conducted. 3 FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 243 [handwritten letter] [BLACKED OUT] Mr. J. Edgar Hoover Dear Mr. Hoover: Initially, I would like to express my gratitude to you for the magnanimous service that you have rendered to the people of the United States for the many years you have been in office; we often have taken your work for granted for which I must apologize at this time. Nevertheless, I am sorry to say that my letter is concerned with a despotic evil that has crept into the anti-spiritual atmosphere that has gripped this wonderful country of ours. I am referring to these so-called esoteric "religions" that have taken a foothold in America, more specifically Scientology Church. A member of my family who once was a completely wholesome human being has returned from a stint in their L.A. center as a completely wrecked person. The brainwashing and subliminal psychology that was and are used on this person and all other members of this group rival the fiction of "Brave New World" and "1984." I suppose I should begin with what I have learned of this group and its founder. Ronald Hubbard was a Midwesterner at the end of his tether when he started this. At [illegible word] it has become a method to extort [next page] money from members (usually un[?]d children from the homes of the nouveau riche; the rootless and the unstable) and develop a scope of influence for his avowed purpose, gaining control of the world: members often say "We are taking over!" He hides beneath the tax evasion of his so called "Church" when there is no dogma, there are no Deities and the warping of social behavior are involved. He maintains a ship wherein he docks in international waters, presently the Mediterranean to escape the laws and justice of all countries. His organization is open only to those that can pay $15,000 or more for "auditing" which is actually psychoanalysis making every member that performs it guilty of medical malpractice. I am certain that your organization would be able to uncover more of the evils perpetrated by this group - one that rivals the Nazi Youth Movement in form and the Nazi concentration camp in practice - and bring justice to this situation before the damage multiplies. I am also writing to others that I believe would take action against this plotted usurpation namely the attorney General and the House Unamerican Activities Commission I thank you most sincerely for your services. Most Sincerely Yours, [SIGNATURE BLACKED OUT] *** July 28, 1971 [ADDRESS BLOCK BLACKED OUT] Dear Mr. [BLACKED OUT] I received your letter on July 22nd and appreciate your kind remarks regarding my administration of this Bureau. Although I would like to be of service in response to your request, based on the information you furnished, there has been no violation of Federal law coming within the investigative jurisdiction of the FBI. I am, however, referring a copy of your letter to the Surgeon General, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the Commissioner, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C., for whatever action deemed appropriate. Sincerely yours, [stamped] J. Edgar Hoover 1 - Los Angeles - Enclosure NOTE: Bufiles indicate [BLACKED OUT] was interviewed 8-30-66 and furnished information in connection with a stolen car matter. Lafayette Ron Hubbard and his church, Founding Church of Scientology, have been know to the Bureau since 1951. Neither has been investigated by the Bureau. Internal Revenue Service, Food and Drug Administration, and Department of the Army have investigated the Church. Hubbard's theory of Scientology is an alleged science which instills self-confidence and assists individuals in removing mental problems and obtaining human ability. Hubbard's wife has described him as being "hopelessly insane" in a divorce action. A copy of his letter is being sent by form referral to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the Internal Revenue Service. [illegible initials]lb ([illegible]) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 244 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 11/22/71 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : LEGAT, MADRID (163-168) (P) SUBJECT: L. RON HUBBARD ReBulet to Madrid 3/22/71. On 4/1/71, pertinent material furnished by referenced letter was furnished to the [BLACKED OUT] On 11/11/71, [BLACKED OUT] furnished copies of seven documents pertaining to the Operation and Transport Corporation, Ltd. (OTC), the motor vessel "Apollo" and Scientology, with which subject has been associated. These seven documents are enclosed for the Bureau for information and completion of files. In furnishing the enclosed material, [BLACKED OUT] advised that OTC was referring interested individuals to their Copenhagen address. [BLACKED OUT] inquired whether any information had been received by Legat regarding OTC operating out of Copenhagen. Enclosed for the information of Copenhagen are one copy each of referenced Bureau letter, with enclosure, and [BLACKED OUT] memoranda dated 8/17/71 and 8/20/71, and OTC pamphlet. The last three documents were furnished by [BLACKED OUT] on 11/11/71. Copenhagen is requested to advise if any OTC operations have come to its attention in the past and, if so, furnish pertinent data which can be furnished to the [BLACKEDOUT] 3 - Bureau (Encs. - 7) [?] U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 245 [this appears to be a promotional brochure] [photo: side view of ship] [next page] [photo: front view of ship with buildings behind it] [next page] Operation and Transport Corporation Ltd., (known simply as OTC.) is a large International business organization. The Yacht "Apollo" is one of the private yachts owned by OTC and used for business management and business training purposes. OTC has found that a large yacht such as the "Apollo", ideally combines business activities with mobility, for first-hand observation of widely spread business interests. Add to this, the romance and excitement of sea cruises in a changing variety of pleasant ports-of-call, and you have something of the unique atmosphere that OTC Directors have created for their company members and their business operations. OTC is independently financed by its own activities around the world and in entirely non-political in nature. Of great interest are the company's modern research activities, - reflecting the progress-minded policy of the company. An important contribution to the business world has been the discovery of the exact basic steps that comprise and make for the successful administration of any organization or business. Recently research was done into a world famous wine industry, to ascertain how it has survived so well and how it has continued to make, for more than 200 years, a product of extremely high quality without loss of technology or deterioration. Practical training alongside skilled masters and other highly trained specialists of the industry, was found to be the prime factor in the preservation of the technology and the continued excellence of the product. Further observation revealed this exact same factor to lie behind the successful continuation of all skilled professions passed successfully down through the ages. [photo: man seated, woman standing, both smiling] [next page] [photo: two men, facing away from the camera, one pointing to something on the wall that is not discernable in this xerox copy] [photo: group of men standing in front of a row of large wine barrels] OTC applied this important principle to the field of business management and training and it is now in broad use. The superior business systems and management skills developed by OTC are, of course, used by the company to manage and expand its own concerns. They are also made available on request, to other businesses and groups. Some of these are -- Business Management systems, Local businesses or groups interested in information on the above services are invited to enquire to -- OTC Ltd., On board the Yacht "Apollo" the atmosphere is a friendly one. Guests are received warmly. Company representatives come from the many western countries where OTC and client companies have business offices and interests. The large Yacht has two Captains. One, the Sea Captain, ensures safe and smooth cruises, and the other, the Port Captain, is responsible for port and shore relations. [next page] [photo: group of people standing on a hillside?] [photo: group of people standing in front of a ship] [photo: three children--all girls--seated at a table; one appears to be blowing out candles on a cake] [photo: group of five men and one woman standing in conversation with drinks and cigarettes] The Yacht Apollo has an illustrious history. She was built in 1936 in Belfast, Ireland and used as a passenger ferry. At the beginning of the Second World War she was requisitioned by the British Royal Navy for active duty. Her war record is a proud one. She was used for important landing operations in Norway and the south of France. She carried reinforcements to Iceland, disembarked troops at Casablanca and traveled a total of 11,000 miles of North African coast, as a transport. As Flagship of the British Royal Navy she carried the important personalities - Admiral Cunningham, General Sir Maitland Wilson [next page] [photo: two men in nautical uniforms standing behind some sort of nautical equipment] caption: OTC take great prid in the safety of their vessels and visitors may sometimes see safety drills being conducted by the officers and crew. These drills help make the "Apollo" one of the safest ships afloat. [photo: man standing in what appears to be a lifeboat; "APOLLO" is written on the bow] (Commander-in-Chief of the British Mediterranean operations), and Admiral Tronbridge. Admiral Cunningham said of this valiant ship: "It was of vital importance for the victory of the Tunis Campaign." In 1945 the ship became headquarters for "Operation Anvil", an important war campaign. In the final stages of the war, the Prime Minister of England, Sir Winston Churchill, lived aboard and personally supervised the war operations while encouraging the troops with his presence. In 1945 the ship returned to her former peace time services. Later she was sold and used for various cruise purposes. Then, sold again to her present owners, Operation and Transport Corporation, Ltd., she assumed the new and important phase of her illustrious career. In contrast to her prominent role in the Second World War, the Apollo is now prominent in the field of business management. And while the Apollo space craft explore the moon in outer space, Yacht Apollo of OTC Ltd leads the way into better and more efficient procedures in the world of business. FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 246 [poor xerox copy; cut off at the top] C[__]RATION LIMITED PANAMA POST OFFICE BOX 4150 PANAMA CITY. 5 REPUBLIC OF PANAMA YOUR [illegible word] OU2 [illegible] 14 July 1971 ________________________________________________ Secret Senate Foreign Relations Committee Dear Gentlemen: We feel that the enclosed reports are most vital to your Committee in that these reports involve officials of the United States Government: 1. Using the name of the President of the United States in connection with criminal actions involving destruction and the threat of destruction of foreign vessels. 2. Threatening the destruction of this Company's vessel of Panamanian registry. 3. Threatening to murder the vessel's company of 380 men, women and children, many of whom are Americans. 4. Using the name of the Central Intelligence Agency to threaten such death and destruction. 5. Plainly demonstrating that the State Department and CIA act on false information. We became involved with the American Consul in Casablanca due to the tragic suicide of a 23 year old American named Susan Meister, who had been aboard our vessel for a scant four months. Miss Meister was a member of the Church of Scientology of California, a client company of ours, and was part of that group's drug rehabilitation programme sent to us for administrative training in the hopes that she would be of assistance in the project to establish drug rehabilitation centers in California. Miss Meister was herself formerly addicted to drugs and was well acquainted with the drug sub-culture in America. Unfortunately, her suicidal tendencies were unknown to us. According to her mother, Mrs. George Meister of Greeley, Colorado, Susan had previously attempted suicide at the age of 16 by taking an overdose of pills. She was released after a year's psychiatric treatment under Dr. Fairchild of Denver. This psychiatrist stated to her mother that she was perfectly all right and that her sole troubles were really due to her father; however, Mrs. Meister claims [page 2] _Page 2_ her daughter never really recovered and was continuously threatening suicide. All this is given in strictest confidence merely to explain how it came about that we were visited by _Mr. Galbraith_ Vice-consul in Casablanca, the man sent by his senior, _Mr. Nelson_, to see to the necessary documents and investigation required. Mr. Galbraith showed little concern in this matter except to state continuously that he wanted no publicity. Our Company has had to handle the advisement of Miss Meister's death to her family, has had to push to try to obtain official documents which could be sent to her family, has had to send Miss Meister's belongings to her family and are currently trying to arrange for her remains to be sent to America for burial at our Company's expense. All Mr. Galbraith has done is to threaten our death and destruction should we cause him any more trouble, as if the suicide of Miss Meister was something which we had ourselves caused just to make trouble for him, his senior and the U.S. Government. Further, Mr. Galbraith has made all manner of accusations about our activities. In fact Mr. Galbraith has conducted himself criminally in this whole matter, as the enclosed document reveals. We are deeply anxious now about the safety of our vessel and those who sail in her. We have taken steps as best we can to protect ourselves from some sudden and mysterious catastrophe as the enclosed letter to Attorney General Mitchell states. Furthermore, uttering such things in public here only 72 hours after an attempted and unexplained coup d'etat against the head of state could easily draw the blame for it upon the President and CIA and cause reprisals against all Americans. We ask of your Committee that it take action to ensure our protection and survival and that these men, Mr. Galbraith and Mr. Nelson, are handled by the Attorney General for having made such criminal threats. We report this to you well understanding that it could mean further reprisals against us as threats have been made already all too plainly. Sincerely yours, [signed] N.H. [illegible] Lorman [sic] H. Starkey, cc: The President of the United States The Attorney General FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 247 [poor xerox copy; cut off at the top] C[__]RATION LIMITED PANAMA POST OFFICE BOX 4150 PANAMA CITY. 5 REPUBLIC OF PANAMA YOUR REF OUR REF DATE: 14 July 1971 ________________________________________________ Secret Mr. John Mitchell Dear Mr. Attorney General: We feel that it is very definitely your concern when official representatives of the United States Government make threats against the lives and safety of Americans and other nationals abroad. Such threats were made to our Company officials on Tuesday, July 13th, by Mr. Jack Galbraith, Vice-consul from the American Consul in Casablancs, and in the presence of witnesses. Mr. Galbraith was sent to Safi, a port in Morocco, by his senior Mr. Nelson in order to help obtain the death certificate of Miss Susan Meister, a young American who unfortunately committed suicide aboard our vessel on June 25th. The full particulars concerning her suicide are contained in the enclosed documents. Already in a state of shock over this tragedy, we are now dreadfully concerned over the welfare of our 380 officers and crew. Such officials as Mr. Galbraith and Mr. Nelson, have no right to link the name of the President of the United States with criminal actions and threats. They have no right to blacken the name of the C.I.A. to foreigners and to Americans abroad. They have no right to leave us frightened and desperately worried over the lives of all the men, women and children aboard our vessel. In the hands of our attorneys in three countries we are placing the full documentation of this matter with orders to immediately release it to all news services should any further black propaganda campaign or any violent action or sabotage or damage occur with regard to this vessel. [page 2] Page 2 The ill-advised actions of Nelson and Galbraith came only 72 hours after a mysterious attempted coup against the head of state of this country and such public allegations against the President and America could well trigger a new situation that would threaten American lives and property. If this is you Ambassador's policy here, he too should be recalled. We ask that you take immediate steps to have these officials recalled and have them tried for their criminal actions and threats. Further, we ask the assurance of your Government that no such actions will be carried out against our vessel and those who sail in her, and ask that such assurance and acknowledgement be sent to me immediately. Sincerely yours, [signed] Norman H. Starkey, cc: The President of the United States The Senate Foreign Relations Committee The Secret Service FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 248 [poor xerox copy; cut off at the top] C[__]RATION LIMITED PANAMA POST OFFICE BOX 415[_] PANAMA CITY. 5 REPUBLIC OF PANAMA YOUR REF OUR REF DATE: 14 July 1971 ________________________________________________ Secret The Secret Service Dear Sirs: We understand that is not only your duty to protect the person of the President of the United States, but that it is also your duty to protect the President from any criminal use of his standing by others. On this basis, please find the various documents and letters enclosed. It is really a very shameful matter when officials of the State Department deliberately link the name of the President of the United States with that of criminal actions such as the sinking of [illegible word] vessel off Libya and with the threatening destruction of our vessel of Panamanian registry and the murder of 380 men, women and children aboard. The situation is made ever worse by an attempted coup d'etat against the head of this country (Morocco) 72 hours ago. Such irresponsible officials could easily shift the blame for it to the U.S. with such public statements. Action should be taken by you immediately to uphold the honor and integrity of the President. Sincerely yours, [signed] Norman H. Starkey, cc: The President of the United States The Senate Foreign Relations Committee The Attorney General FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 249 [poor xerox copy] To Whom It May Concern: I, PETER DAVID WARREN, OWNERS REPRESENTATIVE AND PORT CAPTAIN of the Yacht APOLLO, in the ownership of OPERATION TRANSPORT CORPORATION LIMITED PANAMA, presently berthed in Safi Morocco, do hereby take my oath and swear as follows: 1. [?]n 13 July 1971, I went at 12.00 to the restaurant in Safi known as [illegible], in company with [partially illegible, possibly Jane Chiriasi?], Hostess on board the Yacht APOLLO, driven there in a diplomatic car by the Vice Consul of the United States of America in Casablanca, Jack Galbraith, where we entertained to lunch by Mr. Galbraith until after 15.00 that afternoon. In the course of that lunch and subsequently in the lounge aboard APOLLO Mr. Galbraith at various times stated to me the following: 2. That he did not want to go to the trouble of infiltrating someone on board, so I should tell him what the APOLLO really does - not give him this story of business management, in which the company is engaged. 3. That it was unbelievable that the ship APOLLO is a floating business management company, and asked me to give him something more believable, such as that it was a brothel, or a casino, and that it did not matter that this should be false. 4. That he would prefer I told him that it was a brothel. 5. He referred to the members of the Church of Scientology as a bunch of kooks, and stated that that is perfectly all right. 6. He stated that if the ship was in fact part of the Church of Scientology, the CIA would not be interested in it, [illegible] only if the ship was politically engaged would the CIA [?] interested. 7. If the ship APOLLO caused too much discussion and mystery Nixon [illegible[ or the CIA to sink the Apollo at her berth in Safi [illegible words] so that the USA would not have any more trouble [illegible] [next page] she presently has, being messed up abroad. 8. That if he wanted to, he (Galbraith) could get the ship sunk at her berth in Safi tomorrow by the CIA. 9. That the CIA could easily sabotage the ship APOLLO by getting a couple of bottles of Coca-Cola into the oil, or even better commercial diamond dust; with the result that her engines would fail after some time at sea. 10. That Nixon once did order the CIA to sink a ship in Libya though there was no real reason other than that the ship was causing too many questions and too much trouble to the USA whose position in Libya was bad. Additionally, I do hereby take my oath and swear that the same JACK GALBRAITH did make the following statements to me aboard the Yacht APOLLO in the lounge on 13.7.71: 11. That he had heard it speculated and had so speculated himself as to whether the ship was concerned in prostitution, drug traffic, espionage or counter espionage. That it had been further speculated that the APOLLO was a part of a pornography organisation and was linking Denmark and Los Angeles for the purpose of distribution of pornography, and that a report to this effect exists in the file on the ship APOLLO in the Casablanca Consulate General. 12. He advised that if the Church of Scientology was one of our clients we should get rid of them, as it has been proved in England that their being any good was an idea which was blown up in England. 13. He stat[?] that if he were force to make inquiries he would want names of companies we have assisted with business management, and indicating that there might be some pressure applied to us in the near future, against which we should supply such [illegible] so that they could be checked out, thus attempting to use threats to force divulgence of professional matters. [next page] 14. Throughout his conversation, Mr. Galbraith attempted to get me to give another story for the company other than the true one, which would, if published on a company brochure as he urged on me several times, have brought this company to ruin. So sworn this thirteenth day of July in the year one thousand nine hundred seventy one in the port of Safi. [signed] [signed] Michael E. D[illegible] [signed] J. Byrne FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 250 [poor xerox copy] To Whom It May Concern: I, JONE CHIRIASI, HOSTESS OF THE YACHT APOLLO, in the ownership of OPERATION TRANSPORT CORPORATION LIMITED PANAMA, presently berthed in Safi Marocco [sic], do hereby take my oath and swear as follows: 1. I was asked by Mr. Galbraith, known to me as the Vice-Consul of the United States in Casablanca, to accompany him and PETER DAVID WARREN, OWNERS REPRESENTATIVE AND PORT CAPTAIN OF THE YACHT APOLLO, to the restaurant Sidi Bouzid in Safi. 2. Mr. Galbraith took us to this restaurant in a diplomatic car, and there bought us lunch. We left for the restaurant at about 12.00 and returned at about 15.00 in the afternoon, and I was subsequently in the lounge of the Yacht with Mr. Warren and Mr. Galbraith during a part of the time that they spent there. 3. In the course of the time that I was with Mr. Galbraith and Mr. Warren I personally heard Mr. Galbraith declare as follows at separate times, mostly during his conversation with Mr. Warren, sometimes talking to me: 4. That he could if he had to infiltrate someone on board the Yacht Apollo, that it was easy to do, but because it was expensive and would take a lot of work, he preferred that Mr. Warren should tell the truth about the Yacht APOLLO and save him the trouble, declaring that the statement that the Yacht APOLLO is a part of a business management company as made by Mr. Warren was not true. 5. Later Mr. Galbraith stated that he might have to supply details about the Yacht APOLLO and what it did, and if so, he wanted to have a better story to give than Mr. Warren's statement, and that he did not mind if the statement were true or not. 6. In reply to Mr. Warren's question as to whether he was under pressure to get information about the Yacht APOLLO, Mr. Galbraith replied that he was. 7. Mr. Galbraith speculated and viewed the possibilities that the ship was a brothel, engaged in drug traffic, or casino, and at [next page] (2) separate times stated that he would not care if he were told that any of these were the case. He stated that he thought it was best to state that the ship contained the religious cult of Scientology kooks, in which case the ship would not be touched. 8. He stated that if the ship was religious it would not be of any interest to the CIA, and that only if the ship was politically engaged would the ship be of interest to the CIA. 9. By [illegible] [?]at only an account of the ship as different to being a business management company would be acceptable to him as something he could tell Nelson, by stating that he did not care if some false account of the ship were given him by Mr. Warren, by suggesting that Mr. Warren should publish a brochure containing such an account, he attempted to get Mr. Warren to give an account of the ship other than the true one. 10. Mr. Galbraith stated that if a new story were not given, and if the ship should arouse too many questions, he (Galbraith) would get the Yacht APOLLO sunk tomorrow in her berth in Safi. He would not do this himself he said, but would get the CIA to do it. 11. He stated that it would be easy for the ship to be dealt with if necessary; it would only need two bottles of Coke in the oil intake, or some diamond dust, and the engines would give up some way out of port. 12. He said that if the ship became an embarrassment to the United States Nixon would order the CIA to sink or sabotage it. 13. Mr. Galbraith stated that Nixon had once ordered the CIA to sink a ship in Libya, not because it was doing anything in particular or anything wrong but simply because it was causing too [illegible] questions and the position of the USA in Libya was bad enough and [illegible] the CIA had sunk the vessel. [next page] (3) [signed] [illegible signature] [illegible signature] Abd[?]llate Rebbaj FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 251
1 - Mr. Scatterday Legat, Copehagen (163-222) 12/27/71 Director, FBI L. RON HUBBARD Reference Legat, Madrid, letter to the Bureau 11/22/71, copy sent your office, and your letter to Bureau, 12/10/71, both captioned as above. A review of Bureau files shows that Ronald Lafayette Hubbard [sic], also known as L. Ron Hubbard, was born 3/13/11, Tilden, Nebraska. No investigation has been conducted by the Bureau concerning Hubbard; however, files reveal that he was the founder and president of the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation, Inc., which was incorporated in New Jersey during April, 1950, as well as the self-appointed head of the Founding Church of Scientology in 1951. The December 5, 1950, issue of Look magazine contained an article entitled "Dianetics - Science or Hoax?" which related that Hubbard was an obscure writer of pseudo-scientific pulp fiction. During March, 1951, the Board of Medical Examiners, State of New Jersey, had a case against the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation scheduled for trial on the grounds that the organization was conducting a school teaching a branch of medicine and surgery without a license. The April 24, 1951, issue of the "Washington Times Herald" carried an article indicating that Hubbard's wife, in suing him for divorce, had claimed that he was "hopelessly insane." According to this article, "competent medical advisors recommended that Hubbard be committed to a private sanatorium for psychiatric observation and treatment of a mental ailment known as paranoid schizophrenia.'" Enc. 1 - Legat, Madrid (Enc.)(163-168)(Info) JEO:cs (7) [page 2] Letter to Legat, Copenhagen In January, 1963, the Food and Drug Administration directed a raid against the Academy of Scientology in Washington, D.C., in which machines used by the Academy in the practice of "Scientology" were seized. It was alleged that these machines, known as "Hubbard Electrometers," were falsely advertised as being effective in treating various types of illnesses. In the past, Hubbard has corresponded with this Bureau and the Department of Justice on several occasions for various reasons, including complaints about his wife and about alleged communists. In one lengthy letter in May, 1951, it is perhaps noteworthy that Hubbard stated that while he was in his apartment on February 23, 1951, about two or three o'clock in the morning, his apartment was entered. He was knocked out, a needle was thrust into his heart to produce a coronary thrombosis and he was given an electric shock. He said his recollection of this incident was now very blurred, that he had no witnesses and that the only other person who had a key to the apartment was his wife. (62-94080) Enclosed for your assistance is a copy of an article which appeared in The Washington Post issue of 12/23/71, date lined London, and captioned "Report Criticized Scientologist Ron," which pertains to the subject of your inquiry. Bureau files contain no information identifiable with Operation and Transport Corporation, Ltd. (OTC). -2- FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 252
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 12/10/71 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : LEGAT, COPENHAGEN (163-222) (P) SUBJECT: L. RON HUBBARD ReMADlet 11/22/71 The files of this office contain no information identifiable with the subject, Operation and Transport Corporation, Ltd. 9OTC), or with Scientology. It is noted, however, that the Church of Scientology, Office of the Guardian, is located at the following Copenhagen address: Hovedvagtsgade 6 I [PARAGRAPH BLACKED OUT] Bureau is requested to furnish this office, for information purposes, pertinent background concerning the subject, OTC, Scientology, etc., in view of the presence here of Scientology activities. 3 - Bureau Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 253 [BLACKED OUT] February 4th, 1972 Federal Bureau of Investigation Dear Sirs: Re: Church of Scientology This office has been consulted by three young men in connection with their association with the Church of Scientology, Toronto, which is a branch of an international organization by the same name. I am writing to request whether or not you have had any reason to investigate this organization and their activities in the United States, and the results, if any, of such investigation. I would be interested to know whether or not you have received any complaints concerning the dealings of the Church of Scientology especially with young people. It appears that there may be reason to believe that this outfit has used very high pressure tactics with young people especially in extracting money for courses, and further that while hiding under the guise of a church, it is in fact a very highly profitable business. We would appreciate whatever information you can provide to us in the way of reference or fact. Yours very sincerely, [SIGNATURE BLACKED OUT] *** February 11, 1972 [ADDRESS BLOCK BLACKED OUT] Dear Miss [BLACKED OUT] I regret I am unable to be of help as you requested in your letter of February 4th because data in FBI files must be maintained as confidential in accordance with regulations of the Department of Justice. I hope you will not infer either that we do or do not have material in our files relating to the Church of Scientology. Sincerely yours, [stamped] J. Edgar Hoover John Edgar Hoover NOTE: Bufiles reflect no record of correspondent. The Church of Scientology has not been investigated. It's founder is Ron Hubbard who has been described as "hopelessly insane" by his wife. The theory of Scientology is an alleged science which instills self-confidence and assists individuals in removing mental problems and obtaining human ability. MLN:jkm (3) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 254 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 3/15/72 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : LEGAT, COPENHAGEN (163-222) (P) SUBJECT: L. RON HUBBARD ReCOPlet 12/10/71 and Bulet 12/27/71 On 3/13/72, [BLACKED OUT] advised that he has not yet completed preparation of his report concerning the Scientology Organization and its operations in Denmark. He reiterated, however, that when completed a copy of this report will be designated for [BLACKED OUT] Contact will be maintained with [BLACKED OUT] in order to insure that this office receives copies of his report and Bureau will be kept advised. 3-Bureau BWR:cjb Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 255 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 5/17/72 TO : ACTING DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : LEGAT, MADRID (163-168) (RUC) SUBJECT: L. RON HUBBARD ReCOPlet 3/15/72 Enclosed for information and completion of Bureau and Legat, Copenhagen files is one copy of a memorandum dated 4/26/72, received from the [BLACKED OUT] 3 - Bureau (Enc. 1) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 256 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 5/23/72 TO : ACTING DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : LEGAT, COPENHAGEN (163-222) (P*) SUBJECT: L. RON HUBBARD ReCOPlet 3/15/72. Mr. Victor Wolf, Jr., U.S. Consul, American Embassy, Copenhagen, advised on 5/15/72 that he has not yet found time to prepare the report referred to in relet concerning the Scientology Organization. Mr. Wolf stated that he hopes to devote attention to this matter in a short time. This case will be placed in Pending Inactive status for a period of 90 days. 3 - Bureau Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 257 Did you receive the printed matter that was sent to you concerning Scientology, if so please acknowledge. Thank you, [SIGNATURE BLACKED OUT] *** September 1, 1972 [ADDRESS BLOCK BLACKED OUT] Dear Mr. [BLACKED OUT] Your letter was received on August 30th. With respect to your inquiry, a search of our records does not reveal any prior communication from you. Sincerely yours, [stamped] L. Patrick Gray III L. Patrick Gray, III 1 - Buffalo - Enclosure NOTE: In the past, the Bureau has received information from Ron Hubbard who runs the Academy of Scientology. Hubbard's theory of "Scientology" is that this alleged science instills self-confidence and assists individuals in removing mental problems and obtaining human ability. Hubbard has been described by his wife as being "hopelessly insane." (105-55601). eft:las (4) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 258 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 9/5/72 TO : ACTING DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : LEGAT, COPENHAGEN (163-222) (RUC) SUBJECT: L. RON HUBBARD ReCOPlet 5/23/72. Enclosed are single copies of an airgram dated 6/23/72, captioned "THE CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY IN DENMARK," from AmEmbassy, Copenhagen, to U.S. Dept. of State, which is self-explanatory. 3 - Bureau (enc. 1) Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 259 [?]D-36 (rev. [?]-22-64)
F B I
Date: 1/5/73
Transmit the following in ___________________
(Type in plaintext or code)
Via ___AIRTEL___ _______AIRMAIL_______
(Priority)
TO: ACTING DIRECTOR, FBI
FROM: SAC, LAS VEGAS (163-256) (RUC)
CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY
FOREIGN POLICE COOPERATION
BUDED: 1/10/73
OO: BUREAU
Enclosed are six copies of an LHM reflecting investigation at Las Vegas,
Nevada. Authority to disseminate the material obtained in the
investigation was granted [BLACKED OUT]
2 - Bureau (Enc.6)
1 - Las Vegas
JEH:jr
(3)
Approved:_____DKL______ Sent ____________M Per ____________
Special Agent in Charge
U.S. Government Printing Office: 1972-455-574
FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 260 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Las Vegas, Nevada January 5, 1972 CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY On January 2, 1973, [BLACKED OUT] employed as a secretary by the [BLACKED OUT] advised she is the secretary of [BLACKED OUT] She was shown a copy of a letter dated [BLACKED OUT] This letter requested information concerning the Church of Scientology. [BLACKED OUT] advised that she personally typed this letter for [BLACKED OUT] She stated that the letterhead stationery used by the [BLACKED OUT] is new. At the time of typing the letter, [BLACKED OUT] had only one original copy of the new letterhead and the letter in question was typed by her on a copy made from the original. [BLACKED OUT] advised that her department is still in need of the information requested in the letter [BLACKED OUT] FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 261 February 9, 1973 United States Senate [BLACKED OUT] Respectfully referred to: Federal Bureau of Investigation Because of the desire of this office to be responsive to all inquiries and communications, your consideration of the attached is requested. Your findings and views, in duplicate form, along with return of the enclosure, will be appreciated by Charles H. Percy/vm Form #2 FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 262 FILE MISSING! FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 263 February 16, 1973 Honorable Charles H. Percy Dear Senator Percy: Your communication of February 9th concerning [BLACKED OUT] has been received. While I understand you constituent's concern, this Bureau is strictly an investigative agency of the Federal Government and, as such, neither makes evaluations nor draws conclusions as to the character or integrity of any organization, publication or individual. Consequently, I cannot comment in response to the inquiry posed by [BLACKED OUT] As you requested, your enclosure is being returned herewith. Sincerely yours, [stamped] L. Patrick Gray III L. Patrick Gray, III Enclosure 1 - Springfield - Enclosures (2) NOTE: Bufiles disclose cordial relations with Senator Percy and no record of [BLACKED OUT] Bufiles reflects that we have received information from Ron Hubbard who runs the Academy of Scientology. Hubbard's theory of "Scientology" is that this alleged science instills self-confidence and assists' JWD:ljl NOTE CONTINUED ON PAGE TWO [page 2] Honorable Charles H. Percy individuals in removing mental problems and obtaining human ability. Hubbard has been described by his wife as being "hopelessly insane." (105-55601) - 2 - FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 264 [BLACKED OUT] February 13, 1973 CONFIDENTIAL Certified Mail Chief, Federal Bureau of Investigation Dear Sir: This letter is being written to request your immediate investigation and assistance in connection with a critical situation that involves my son, [BLACKED OUT] It is so critical that I am literally petrified at this point that he has been brainwashed by the "processing" he has undergone in "Scientology" to the point where he has become extremely dangerous to himself, to members of his immediate family and his friends, and eventually could become a danger to society. Three years ago, when my son was a junior in college, he was introduced to "Scientology." He then dropped out of school and since that time has given all of the money he could earn or obtain to this organization in San Francisco, Berkeley, and Los Angeles. It appears that the techniques used result in self-hypnosis, and the the brainwashing procedures begin. At this point my son is concerned about his own sanity, but as a result of the conditioning through "Scientology auditing" he is so deluded that he has utter contempt for any established form of psychiatry or scientifically-endorsed approach to mental health problems. He is now convinced that the only way he can make it through "Scientology," its founder--L. Ron Hubbard, and continued "auditing" until he reaches the state of "clear" or "thetan." If anyone interferes or tries to discourage him from continuing his "auditing," he is instructed to "disconnect" from them. Through investigation I have located reports on "Scientology" in the American Medical Association's magazine, _Today's Health_, pages 34 to 39, inclusive, of the December, 1968, issue. This article is entitled "SCIENTOLOGY--Menace to Mental Health," by Ralph Lee Smith. In this article he states, "Few have heeded the warning of the American Psychological Association that Hubbard's claims are not supported by empirical evidence.' They ignore the statement by the late Dr. William Menninger, one of the founders of the famed Menninger Clinic, of Topeka, Kansas, that Hubbard's system and ideas can potentially do a great deal of harm.' " I quote, also, from pages 37 and 38 of the above-mentioned article: "What goes on in Scientology auditing sessions? Preclears won't tell you--they are forbidden to discuss their experience with anyone. They also are forbidden to speak any word of [stamp CERTIFIED MAIL No. 102987] [page 2] Chief, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Wash., D.C. 2/13/73 Page 2 disparagement of Scientology to the press or to listen to any condemnation of the cult. If the preclear's superiors think that he is guilty of any conduct undertaken knowingly to suppress, reduce, or impede Scientology or Scientologists,' he may find himself labeled a P.T.S.--potential trouble source--and charged with high crimes.' The penalty is dismissal from Scientology. Others in Scientology, who might presumably include his friends and/or members of his family, are instructed to disconnect' from him. However, the procedures used in Scientology auditing are easily obtained without imperiling any preclears. Hubbard goes into them in detail in his books. The first step is to get a preclear securely under the auditor's command.' " In spite of the action taken against this organization in some foreign countries where, I understand, it has been banned, it seems to be uncurbed in the United States. From the last paragraph of the _Today's Health_ article, page 30, I again quote: "Before it finally goes the way of all cults, Scientology may leave behind a legacy of tragedy unmatched in the annals of fads and fallacies to mental health." I call your attention, also, to an eleven-page article in _Life Magazine_, November 15, 1968, issue, entitled "SCIENTOLOGY - A growing cult reaches dangerously into the mind." On page 100B of this article Alan Levy begins an account of his personal experiences. This article has the following heading: "An exploring writer becomes personally involved A TRUE-LIFE NIGHTMARE' by Alan Levy." These articles in _Today's Health_ and _Life Magazine_ will, I am sure, convince you of the seriousness of the situation and further convince you that I am not just an overly-concerned mother. A most serious episode occurred during the Christmas holiday season which could have had disastrous consequences. I firmly believe that my son is "hooked" and cannot get well unless he receives professional help to remove the "auditing" brainwashing now imbedded in his mind. He has not, since becoming involved with "Scientology," been able to hold a position of any kind for any length of time. He states that he is, through "Scientology," going to control his environment and everyone in it. I have read some of the "Scientology" literature--both books authored by L. Ron Hubbard and some of the endless free literature with which my son has been bombarded. The minute, limited investigation I have been able to make of this organization has put me, at times, in a state of panic. I have seen my son's personality deteriorate and become progressively worse to the point where now there seems to be [page 3] Chief, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Wash., D.C. 2/13/73 Page 3 no sanity present in his reasoning. The "auditing" costs have already run into many thousands of dollars. Is this the type of organization, which calls itself a church in this country (in other countries I am told they are not permitted to call themselves a church) licensed to probe into the mind up to the point of removing the so-called "reactive" mind--the subconcious or unconcious? It is my understanding thta the subconcious and/or the unconscious mind are extremely important to the well-being and sanity of an individual. My son is intending to resume his course--the "auditing"--within a couple of weeks; I am afraid he will be reduced to a zombie or "vegetable." They predicate their ability to remove the "reactive" mind through their auditing processes. Have you made any reports on and/or investigation into this organization? If so, I would like to know where they are available. If this has not come under your direct scrutiny, I would request some kind of initial investigation immediately. It is impossible for me to communicate with my son on "Scientology." If he brings up the subject, I try to avoid becoming at all involved. If I should ask any questions about it, he displays a jaded personality and seems to be obsessed and under the influence of some magnetic force. You can see the change in his eyes whenever "Scientology" takes over. Members of the organization are constantly after him for more money, suggesting what will happen if he doesn't continue with it, calling him on the telephone, and keeping him in a constant state of turmoil. I urgently request that you recognize and respond to this letter and contact me for any further information or assistance in connection with an investigation in an effort to determine what can be done before it is too late. I am most sincere about the urgency of the problem. I live in dread of what might do to those close to him whom he is now determined to "control." I shall depend on your professional expertise to make the investigation without revealing how, where, or by whom it was instigated. If my son knew that I initiated it, I fear that my life would be in serious jeopardy. Please contact me and recognize and respond to this letter. My phone nubmer is [BLACKED OUT] My son is not now living with me. Thank you for your assistance. Very truly yours, [SIGNATURE BLOCKED OUT] FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 265 February 20, 1973 [ADDRESS BLOCK BLACKED OUT] Dear Mrs. [BLACKED OUT] I have received your letter of February 13th and certainly understand the concern which prompted you to contact the FBI. While I do wish it were possible to be of help to you, the facts you presented do not disclose a violation of Federal law within the investigative jurisdiction of the FBI and I am, therefore, unable to take the action you requested. With regard to your request for information on Scientology, this Bureau is strictly an investigative agency of the Federal government and, as such, neither makes evaluations nor draws conclusions as to the character or integrity of any organization, publication, or individual. I deeply regret that I cannot be of assistance to you in this instance. Sincerely yours, [stamped] L. Patrick Gray III L. Patrick Gray, III 1 - San Francisco - Enclosure NOTE: The Bureau has received information in the past from Ron Hubbard who runs the Academy of Scientology. Hubbard's theory of "Scientology" is that this alleged science instills self-confidence and assists individuals in removing mental problems and obtaining human ability. Hubbard has been described by his wife as being "hopelessly insane." (Bureau file [illegible number]) JWD:bmv (4) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 266 October 10, 1973 Federal Bureau of Investigation Scientology, Houston Gentlemen: I would like to to know as soon as possible if your division has any subversive information on the above referenced organization. The only information I have now is through the Houston Better Business Bureau who informed me that this organization sell [sic] courses of study to the public; these courses are written by a science fiction writer, and is a Science of Mental Anatomy. I am most concerned about this as I have a nineteen year old nephew who is attending the University of [BLACKED OUT] at [BLACKED OUT] on a four year scholarship. My nephew came to me two days ago and asked to borrow a large amount of money to attend courses at Scientology of Austin Church. He will have to withdraw from college and lose about $4,000.00 of the funds from his scholarship. I sincerely believe that the people at this so called school have brain washed this young man. They have thoroughly convinced him to give up the only financial assistance he has to finish college: his scholarship from the [BLACKED OUT] in Galveston, Texas. It will be greatly appreciated if you will answer my letter as soon as possible. Sincerely [SIGNATURE BLACKED OUT] *** October 18, 1973[ADDRESS BLOCK BLACKED OUT] Dear Mrs. [BLACKED OUT] I have received your letter of October 10th and certainly understand your concern in writing. With respect to your request, this Bureau is strictly an investigative agency of the Federal Government and, as such, neither makes evaluations nor draws conclusions as to the character or integrity of any organization, publication or individual. I regret that we cannot be of assistance to you in this instance. Sincerely yours, [stamped] C.M. Kelley Clarence M. Kelley NOTE: Based on available information, correspondent is not identifiable in Bufiles. The Academy of Scientology has been the subject of citizen inquiries in the past. Ron Hubbard runs this Academy and his theory of "Scientology" is that this alleged science instills self-confidence and assists individuals in removing mental problems and obtaining human ability. Hubbard has been described by his wife as being "hopelessly insane." Bufile (105-55601) jkd:rlm (3) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 267 [LETTERHEAD INFO BLACKED OUT] October 14, 1973 Federal Bureau of Investigation Gentlemen: It has come to our attention that the assailant of Senator Stennis, Tyrone Marshall, and his companion, were present at Scientology and at the RAP houses on 19th St., N.W. the night of the attack. This information was disclosed in the reports of the trial, as well as the fact that the FBI had conducted an investigation of both Scientology and RAP. We would like to have access to your investigative report of both of these addresses. The Association is appearing as a party in two cases before the Board of Zoning Adjustment involving these two places which you have investigated, and wish to present for the record whatever facts you have developed. The first case, on Scientology, will be heard October 17, and the second, on RAP, will be heard November 14th. We would be grateful for your assistance in these matters. Sincerely, [SIGNATURE BLACKED OUT] *** October 18, 1973 [ADDRESS BLOCK BLACKED OUT] Dear Mrs. [BLACKED OUT] I have received your letter of October 14th. In response to your request, while I would like to be of assistance to you, information contained in the files of the FBI which has been compiled for law enforcement purposes cannot be made available to other than authorized individuals. Please do not infer from this that the two organizations to which you refer have or have not been the subjects of an investigation by this Bureau. Sincerely yours, [stamped] C.M. Kelley Clarence M. Kelley NOTE: Our files reveal prior correspondence with [BLACKED OUT] Attempts to telephonically contac[BLACKED OUT] on 10-17-73 to furnish her the above information because of the short deadline, were unsuccessful. Our files contain numerous references to Scientology and RAP. Mrs. per current telephone directory. JCF:law (4) FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 268 Form DJ-150 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Memorandum DATE: January 31, 1974 TO : Clarence Kelley FROM : Susan M. Hauser SUBJECT: FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT REQUEST - William F. Peterson Enclosed herewith ia a request for access to information on the groups Dianetics and Scientology and their founder, L. Ron Hubbard. Pursuant to 28 CFR [symbol] 16.5 which took effect on March 1, 1973, the head of the responsible division shall, within 10 working days, either comply with or deny a request for records unless additional time is required. In cases where additional time is required the requester should be notified of the reasons for the time extension, which should not exceed 10 additional working days. An extension of time in excess of 10 additional working days requires the approval of the Deputy Attorney General. If the request is denied, the requester should be informed that the denial may be appealed within 30 days to the Attorney General, and that judicial review will be thereafter available. Copies of all acknowledgements and responses to the requester should be forwarded to the Office of the Deputy Attorney General. FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 269 31 December 1973 [BLACKED OUT] Office of Public Information Dear Sir or Ms: I would like to be sent any information you have on the groups Dianetics and Scientology, and their founder L. Ron Hubbard. This is for a paper I am working on, so I would appreciate your sending this to me as soon as possible. Thank you. Sincerely, [BLACKED OUT] FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 270 February 8, 1974 [ADDRESS BLOCK BLACKED OUT] Dear Mr. [BLACKED OUT] Your letter to the Department of Justice, requesting data from our files concerning Mr. L. Ron Hubbard, and the groups Dianetics and Scientology, has been referred to this Bureau and was received on January 31st. I regret to advise you that most of the data we have received are in files that are not subject to disclosure under Title 5, United States Code, Section 552, since they fall into exemptions (1), (4), (5) and (7) of subsection (b) of the Freedom of Information Act. However, exceptions to the above would include such things as exchanges of correspondence between officials of these organizations and this Bureau, as well as any newspaper clippings that may pertain to these groups and Mr. Hubbard. Since this material is contained in files consisting of some 400 pages, it will be necessary to review this data for the purpose of extracting this information. Pursuant to Title 28, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 16.9, we are authorized to charge a prescribed rate for furnishing copies of information and for time spend searching and screening our records. Based on a preliminary estimate, we conservatively project the cost to process your request to be approximately $200. A 25 percent deposit, or $50, payable by check or money order to the Treasury of the United States, will be required to initiate the processing. If you wish us to process your request, please indicate in writing your willingness to pay the fees anticipated, enclose a deposit as mentioned above, and a signed, notarized statement from Mr. Hubbard indicating that we may make this date available to you. I am enclosing a reprint which sets forth Department of Justice regulations and policy implementing the Freedom of Information Act. 1 - Office of the Deputy Attorney General - Enclosure [page 2] Mr. [BLACKED OUT] You may appeal my decision in this matter by writing to the Attorney General, Attention: Office of Legal Counsel, Washington, D.C. 20530. Additionally, judicial review is thereafter available either in the district in which you reside or have a place of business or in the District of Columbia, the location of the records to which you seek access. Sincerely, [stamped] C.M. Kelley Clarence M. Kelley Enclosure NOTE: Our files reveal no record identifiable with correspondent. Although we have not conducted a full-field investigation of these organizations or Mr. Hubbard, our files contain numerous references to them. Some of this data has been furnished us by other Governmental agencies, or field offices, citizens writing in and various legats. - 2- FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 271 1 - Mr. W.A. Branigan SAC, Chicago 1/28/74 Director, FBI CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY (CS) [BLACKED OUT] In order to make the desired request of [BLACKED OUT] it will be necessary for Chicago to incorporate pertinent information contained is referenced letter in an [sic] letterhead memorandum (LHM) appropriately captioned and suitable for dissemination as required by the FBI Handbook, Part I, pages 50a and 50b. With regard to possible specific allegations of espionage which might be obtained from [BLACKED OUT] you are reminded that if an allegation warrants investigation, such investigation must be conducted and reported under appropriate individual caption and character rather than with instant caption as a catchall or that of [BLACKED OUT] Bring the above to the attention of individuals responsible for the preparation and approval of referenced letter. 1 - Los Angeles 1 [BLACKED OUT] NOTE: [ENTIRE NOTE BLACKED OUT] FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 272 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 2/7/74 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI FROM : SAC, LOS ANGELES (100-73484) SUBJECT: CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY (CS) Re Bureau letter to Chicago captioned as above, dated 1/28/74 and referencing Chicago letter to Bureau dated 12/12/73 [BLACKED OUT] For information of the Bureau and Chicago, Los Angeles is not in receipt of above referred to Chicago letter of 12/12/73 or any other communications which would explain the content and purpose of reBUlet of 1/28/74. The Bureau is therefore requested to advise whether any investigation by Los Angeles has been requested in this matter. 2 - Bureau (RM) RJR/rjr Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 273 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 2/2074 TO : DIRECTOR, FBI (105-255635) FROM : SAC, CHICAGO (105-37914) (P) SUBJECT: CHANGED Title is marked changed to conform with that set out in referenced Bureau communication. Title was previously carried by Chicago as, [BLACKED OUT] Re Bureau letter to Chicago dated 1/28/74. Enclosed for the Bureau are six copies of an LHM dated and captioned as above. One copy is being furnished to Los Angeles since that office has a lead outstanding in this matter. A review of the information furnished by [BLACKED OUT] failed to disclose allegations of espionage with sufficient specificity in order to make possible the implementation of the Bureau's instructions to conduct and report an investigation under an appropriate individual caption and character rather than instant caption or that of [BLACKED OUT] Barring additional significant developments resulting from the lead to Los Angeles or the inquiry requested on the final page of the enclosed LHM to [BLACKED OUT] Chicago anticipates no further investigation in this matter. The Bureau is requested to refer this matter to [BLACKED OUT] for appropriate inquiry of [BLACKED OUT] 2 - Bureau (Enc. 6) RAC/jms Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 274 1 - Mrs. Larson February 22, 1974 HUBBARD ASSOCIATION OF SCIENTOLOGISTS INTERNATIONAL In response to your name check request, you are advised that although the captioned organization has not been the subject of an investigation conducted by the FBI our files reveal the following information concerning the captioned organization and its founder, Lafayette Ron Hubbard. L. Ron Hubbard was the founder and president of the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation (HDRF), which was incorporated in New Jersey during April, 1950. The December 5, 1950, issue of "Look" magazine contained an article entitled "Dianetics - Science or Hoax?" which reflected that L. Ron Hubbard was an obscure writer of pseudescientific [sic] pulp fiction prior to the publishing of his book entitled "Dianetics." Hubbard's book asserts that "the creation of dianetics is a milestone for man comparable to his discovery of fire and superior to his inventions of the wheel and the arch...the intelligent layman can successfully and invariably treat all psychosomatic ills and inorganic aberrations," according to Hubbard. "These psychosomatic ills, uniformly cured dianetic therapy, include such varied maladies as eye trouble, bursitis, ulcers, some heart difficulties, migraine headaches and the common cold." According to the article, Hubbard's book has "outraged scores of psychiatrists, biochemists, psychologists, physicians and just-plain-ordinary scientists, who look upon the astounding claims and the growing commercial success of this strange new phenomenon with awe, fear and a deep disgust....Hubbard's greatest attraction to the troubled is that his ersatz psychiatry is available to all. It's cheap. It's accessible. It's a public festival to be played at clubs and parties." During March, 1951, the Board of Medical Examiners, State of New Jersey, had a case against the HDRF scheduled for trial on the grounds that the organization was conducting a school, teaching a branch of medicine and surgery, without a license. Original and 1 - NSA PJL:ysc This document contains neither recommendations nor conclusion of the FBI. It is the property of the FBI, and is loaned to your agency; it and its contents are not to be distributed outside your agency. This reply is result of a check of FBI investigative files. To check arrest records, request must be submitted to FBI Identification Division. Fingerprints are necessary for positive check. [page 2] Hubbard Association of Scientologists International In 1951, the HDRF established national headquarters at Wichita, Kansas, and sponsored the Allied Scientists of the World, which organization had as its avowed purpose "to construct and stock a library...in an atomic proof area where the culture and technology of the United States could be stored in a state of use by science and preserve it in case of attack. The April 24, 1951, issue of the "Times Herald," Washington, D.C., reflected that Hubbard's wife charged in a divorce suit that "competent medical advisors recommended that Hubbard be committed to a private sanitarium for psychiatric observation and treatment of a mental ailment known as paranoid schizophrenia." Mrs. Hubbard claimed he was "hopelessly insane." Allegedly during 1952, Hubbard formed the Hubbard Association of Scientologists, an Arizona corporation, and reverted "dianetics" back to its original name, "scientology." Thereafter, offices were opened in New Jersey and London, England. During the early part of 1956, HDRF, Silver Spring, Maryland, was circulating a pamphlet entitled "Brain-Washing, A Synthesis of the Russian Textbook on Psychopolitics." According to the book, psychopolitics is the "art and science of asserting and maintaining dominion over the thoughts and loyalties of individuals, officers, bureaus, and masses, and the effecting of the conquest of enemy nations through mental health.' " In January, 1963, the Food and Drug Administration directed a raid against the Academy of Scientology in Washington, D.C., in which machines used by the Academy in the practice of scientology were seized. It was alleged that these machines, known as "Hubbard Electrometers," were falsely advertized as being effective in treating various types of illnesses. In the past, Hubbard has corresponded with this Bureau and Department of Justice on several occasions for various reasons, including complaints about his wife and about alleged communists. In one lengthy letter in May, 1951, it is perhaps noteworthy that Hubbard stated that while he was in his apartment on February 23, 1951, about two or three o'clock in the morning, his apartment was entered. He was knocked out. A needle was thrust into his heart to produce a coronary -2- [page 3] Hubbard Association of Scientologists International thrombosis and he was given an electric shock. He said his recollection of this incident was now very blurred, that he had no witnesses and that the only other person who had a key to the apartment was his wife. (62-94080) -3- FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 275 THE CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY Founder L. Ron Hubbard Saint Hill Manor, East Grinstead Clarency M. Kelly [sic], Esq., 3 May 1974 Dear Mr. Kelly [sic], Please find enclosed a Statutory Declaration concerning an interview with you which was recently broadcast on British Television. The Declaration states that you have declared publicly that the Federal Bureau of Investigation will not hesitate to take immediate steps to take immediate steps [sic] to correct inaccuracies or false information in its files once such inaccuracies have been put to its attention. I am writing to ask you if you will very kindly confirm that the recollection of the maker of the Declaration is correct and that you will indeed ensure that corrections are made to data shown to be incorrect. Thank you for your courtesy and co-operation. Very truly yours, C.B.B. Parselle P.S. Please do not file this letter. Church of Scientology of California FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 276 I, LORRAINE ANNE COVENTRY of 7 Copse Close East Grinstead in the County of Sussex, Housewife, solemnly and sincerely declare as follows: 1. On the 3rd April 1974 between the hours of 10.45 and 11.30 in the evening, I watched a broadcast on BBC Television entitled "Midweek Special - Don't Shoot G-man!" (report on the Federal Bureau of Investigation). 2. During the course of the said broadcast the present Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Clarence M. Kelly [sic], was interviewed with particular reference to the filing system of the said Federal Bureau of Investigation. 3. Mr. Kelly [sic] stated that a large part of the information on the files in possession of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is raw unevaluated data. The truth or falsity of which the Federal Bureau of Investigation is unable to verify. 4. Nevertheless Mr. Kelly [sic] said that the Federal Bureau of Investigation was obliged to act upon such information but he made it quite clear that if inaccuracies or falsehoods were brought to the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation concerning such information in its possession that the Federal Bureau of Investigation would take immediate steps to put the matter right. And I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of the Statutory Declaration Act 1835. Declared at 1. W[?] Street Before me, [signed] Arthur A. White A Commissioner for Oaths. FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 277 May 16, 1974 AIRMAIL 1 - Mr. Franck - Atten: Mr. Heim 1 - Mr. Mintz Mr. C.B.B. Parselle The Church of Scientology Saint Hill Manor, East Grinstead Sussex, England RH19 4JY Dear Mr. Parselle: I have received your letter of May 3rd, with enclosure. In response to your request, it is my recollection that the observations I made when interviewed by representatives of the British Broadcasting Company in October, 1973, were similar in nature to observations and statements I recently made when interviewed on the "Today" program on NBC Television in April of this year. At that time, in response to a question which was asked with regard to the feasibility of allowing a citizen to inspect his FBI file, I replied that, although it would be difficult, we would try to accomodate the public if possible. We have previously studied the feasibility of allowing citizens to review files we might have which refer to them, and have reexamined this problem, in light of my remarks. None of our efforts has provided a ready solution. The files of the FBI contain information received from many sources, including date obtained from or voluntarily furnished by the general public, with the expressed or implied understanding that their identities will be protected. Because of the nature of our files, it would be impossible to allow unofficial access to FBI files while at the same time honoring our pledge to protect the identities of contributors of information. Under current policy, however, we welcome submission of supplemental data which could make our files more complete and accurate. 1 - The Deputy Attorney General - Enclosures (2) [page 2] Mr. C.B.B. Parselle Also, although I noted that you requested your letter not be filed, it is a long-standing policy of this Bureau that exchanges of correspondence of an official nature are made a matter of record in our files. Sincerely yours, [stamped] C.M. Kelley Clarence M. Kelley NOTE: Our files reveal no information identifiable with correspondent or Lorraine Anne Coventry. A check with the Research Section of the External Affairs Division, determined that the statements furnished by Coventry are essentially what Mr. Kelley said. However, since the cover letter is on the stationery of the Church of Scientology, it is felt that we should not completely affirm the fact that the statements are essentially the same. The reason being that we have currently in the house at least five requests for information from our files concerning the Church of Scientology and its founder, L. Ron Hubbard. This appears to be an attempt to have the Bureau put itself in the position of affirming Coventry's statements and then having them come back in an effort to force disclosure of data in our files concerning Hubbard and this organization. - 2 - FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 278 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DATE: 5/10/74 TO: Director, FBI (105-255635) FROM: Legat, London (105-6586) (P) SUBJECT: CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY Re Chicago letter and LHM dated 2/20/74. Enclosed are 3 copies of newspaper clippings which appeared in the London "Times" dated 2/15/74 depicting the British Government's attitude to the Church of Scientology (CS). This organization has been in existence in England for some few years and has been of concern to both police and security services. There is no indication, however, that the organization has ever engaged in any espionage activity. Also enclosed are 3 copies of State Department telegram from American Consul, Casablance, indicating that the Department of State has considerable information concerning this organization which the Bureau may wish to obtain. 3 - Bureau (Encs. 3) Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 279 [newspaper article, undated, but is probably the 2/15/74 Times of London article referred to in FBI FILE 278; xerox in very poor condition] [illegible words] English Case to [illegible word] Court --Scientologist claims right of entry to Britain Van Duyn v Home Office B[?] are Sir John Pennycuick, Vice-Chancellor His Lordship referred to the European Court at Luxembourg for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome, certain questions relating to an action in which a Dutch Scientologist is claiming a declaration that she is entitled to enter the United Kingdom. It is the first reference made by an English court. The applicant, Miss Yvonne Van Duyn, was returned to Holland when she arrived at Gatwick airport last May. She seeks a declaration that she is entitled to enter and remain in the United Kingdom [?] accepting employment with the Church of Scientology. The Home Office contends that the refusal of entry was justified. Article 48 of the Treaty reads: "1. Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community by the end of the transitional period at the latest. 2. Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolishment of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the member states as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment. 3. It shall entail the right, subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health : (a) to accept offers of employment actually made; (b) to move freely within the territory of member states for this purpose; (c) to stay in a member state for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that state laid down by law, regulation or administrative action; (d) to remain in the territory of a member state after having been employed in that state, subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission." Article 3 of the 1964/221 Directive of the EEC Council provides: "1. Measures taken on grounds of public policy or of public security shall be based exclusively on the personal conduct of the individual concerned." Mr. Alan Newman for Miss Van Duyn; Mr. Peter Gibson for the Home Office. HIS LORDSHIP said that the issue turned for all practical purposes on the construction of certain provisions in the Treaty of Rome and directives given pursuant to the Treaty, the combined effect of which was that a member state of the European Community could refuse entry to its country on the grounds of public policy but that measures taken on those grounds had to be based exclusively on the personal conduct of the individual. Before the court was a motion by Miss Van Duyn seeking an order that certain questions should be referred to the European Court for a preliminary ruling. The Church of Scientology--a body established in the United States--functioned in the United Kingdom through a college at East Grinstead. There was no evidence as to its constitution but there was no doubt that the government of this country regarded its activities as contrary to public policy. The Minister of Health announced in the House of Commons on July 25, [?] At it was general government policy not to admit into the [?] Scientology workers and [?] who were foreign nationals and that he had withdrawn acceptance of the college as an educational establishment. There had been no suggestion, however, that the activities of the church were unlawful. This country acceded to the Treaty of Rome by the European Communities Act, 1972. The Home Office had not altered its adverse view of the church and maintained that there was nothign in the Treaty or its secondary legislation which prevented it from continuing to refuse entry to persons connected with that body. Miss Van Duyn was a Dutch national who had been engaged in the study and practice of Scientology abroad. Having been offered employment with the church at [?] college in East Grinstead, she was examined by an immigration officer when she arrived at Gatwick and was refused entry. The official refusal of leave to enter stated that the Secretary of State considered it undesirable that she should be allowed entry to take up employment with the church. It was understood that the immigration officer was acting, not on instructions given by the Secretary of State personally, but on similar instructions given by the Home Office. There was a right of appeal under the Immigration Act, 1975, but it was not thought Miss Van Duyn had exercised that right. By her writ issued on December 12, she claimed that Article 48 of the Treaty of Rome gave her the right, subject to limitations on grounds of public policy, to be employed in a member state and to move freely and to stay there for that purpose. She further claimed that under Directive 64/221, adopted in accordance with the Treaty, measures taken on grounds of public policy were to be based exclusively on the personal conduct of the individual concerned; and that refusal to grant her leave to enter had not been based exclusively on her personal conduct but on a general government policy, announced in 1968, not to admit Scientology workers and students who were foreign nationals. That policy, she stated, had been confirmed by the Home Office in a letter to the Church of Scientology in April, 1973. The Home Office denied that the directive was directly applicable so as to confer on individuals rights enforceable by them in United Kingdom courts. If the court should decide that it was applicable, then the defence would be that refusal to admit Miss Van Duyn was based on her personal conduct within the meaning of Article 3 of the directive, in that she had worked in a Scientology establishment in Amsterdam prior to which she had studied Scientology, and was now a practicing Scientologist and intended to work at a Scientology establishment in the United States. The pleadings raised two broad issues: (1) Was refusal of entry based on personal conduct within the meaning of Article 48? (2) Was the Treaty directly applicable so as to confer on Miss Van Duyn a right of action in this country, and was Directive 64/221 similarly directly applicable? Article 48 of the Treaty, when read in conjuction with Article 3 of the directive, clearly raised a question of interpretation. If Article 48 stood alone it might perhaps be clear enough; the member state was to be the sole judge of its own public policy. But the directive introduced a new element--the individual's personal conduct. Mr. Newman and Mr. Gibson had advanced fundamentally opposing views as to the meaning of that expression. Mr. Gibson said that it covered the position and that his view was so clearly right as to preclude the necessity of a reference. His Lordship was wholly unable to accept that contention. It seemed that, at the lowest, Mr. Newman's view that it did not might well be arguable; it might even be put higher than that. Article 177 gave the court jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning (a) the interpretation of the Treaty, (b) the validity and interpretation of acts of institutions of the Community, (c) the interpretation of the statutes of bodies established by an act of the Council where those statutes so provided. A decision was necessary in the fullest sense of the word to enable the court to give judgement in the present case. That being so, he should certainly exercise his discretion by requesting the European Court to give a ruling. It had not been suggested that Article 177 was not applicable to interpretation of the Treaty in connexion with secondary legislation. The interpretation of Article 48 in isolation, and without the 1964 directive, would be meaningless. Mr. Gibson had contended that if a reference was to be made it should be deferred until after the trial of the action or, at any rate, until after discovery. There was no doubt that, in general, issues of fact and of national law should be determined before a reference was made to the European Court, since the determination of those issues might make the reference, with the expense and delay involved, unnecessary. In the present case, however, there was no substantial issue of fact and no issue at all of national law, and there was no advantage in bringing the action on for hearing before making such a reference. Nor was there the slightest prospect of any document being produced on discovery which would throw any new light on the matters pleaded. Mr Gibson had contended that the national court should not overburden the European Court with references, but the national court was bound to make a reference in any appropriate case and in any event the present issue was of the very first importance. There had been only one case in which the English courts had been asked to make a reference: Lowenbrau Munchen v Grunhalle Lager International Lts (The Times, November 28, 1973; [1974] CMLR 1), but Mr. Justice Graham refused to make a reference at an interlocutory stage. However, his Lordship would adopt a passage from the judgement: "As I read the Treaty, references are not to be made unnecessarily, but on the other hand the power to refer is not confined only to courts whose decisions are final, or to any particular stage of a case. It seems to me therefore that if I felt in this case in need of guidance upon the interpretation of any Article of the Treaty and that such guidance was necessary for my decision I have unfettered power to refer the matter to the EEC Court. Such appears to me to be the clear intention of the Treaty from its wording..." The question whether any given provision in the Treaty was enforceable by an individual in the national court of a member nation ("direct applicability") had been construed by the European Court in connexion with various Articles of the Treaty and in certain cases the courts had held that the Article 48 was directly applicable. His Lordshhip would only be justified in refusing a reference on the ground that Article 48 was not directly applicable if that was [?] Mr. Gibson had properly conceded at any rate, that it was an open question and his Lordship did not propose to say any more on the point. The four questions which Miss Van Duyn sought to have referred to the European Court were: "(1) Whether Article 48...is directly applicable so as to confer on individuals rights enforceable by them in the courts of the United Kingdom. (2) Whether Directive 64/221...is directly applicable so as to confer on individuals rights enforceable by them in the courts of the United Kingdom. (3) Whether the [Home Office] refusal, based on grounds of public policy, to allow the plaintiff leave to enter the United Kingdom in order to take employment with the Church of Scientology on the basis that it is undesirable to give anyone leave to enter the United Kingdom on the business of or in the employment of that organization' is contrary to: (i) The provisions of Article 48 (1) and (2) and/or Article 1 of Regulation 1612/65 and/or Article 3 (1) of Directive 64/221 in so far as the effect of the said policy is to discriminate between nationals of other member states of the EEC and United Kingdom citizens (upon whom no similar restrictions are placed); and (ii) The provisions of Article 3 (1) of Directive 64/221 in so far as the said policy is of general application. (4) Whether all or any of the following matters, namely:-- (i) that the plaintiff has worked in a Scientology establishment in Amsterdam for six months; (ii) that the plaintiff has taken a course in Scientology; (iii) that the plaintiff is a practising Scientologist in the sense that she subscribes in the doctrines and beliefs of the Church of Scientology; (iv) that the plaintiff intends to work at a Scientology establishment in the United Kingdomis capable of amounting to personal conduct within the meaning of Article 3 of Directive 64/221." It was well established that the function of the European Court was confined to the interpretation of the Treaty of Rome and that once the relevant provisions had been interpreted, it was for the national court to apply that interpretation to the particular case before it. It was no doubt often impossible to frame a question for interpretation within the framework of the particular facts, but it was nevertheless necessary to frame a que[?] so that it could be answered [?] as a question of interpretation [?] the European Court. Having regard to the terms of question (3), his Lordship thought it right to say that [?] 48(2) was of no relevance, [?] there was no objection to its inclusion. His Lordship handed down to counsel a draft of a question to replace questions [?] Solicitors Mr. Stephen H. [?] Treasury Solicitor. FROM THE FILES OF THE FBI 280 FD-36 (Rev. 5-22-64)
F B I
Date: 5/22/74
Transmit the following in _________________________
(Type in plaintext or code)
Via ___AIRTEL____ ___________________________
(Priority)
TO: DIRECTOR, FBI
FROM: SAC, WFO (66-779 Sub G)
ATTN: INTD
_IS-3_
ELSUR
FOUNDING CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY
TERRY HIBBS
Reference telephone call from Bureau Supervisor [BLACKED OUT] 5/21/74.
Search of WFO ELSUR indices revealed no record of the Founding Church of
Scientology and TERRY HIBBS.
2 - Bureau
1 - WFO
JJG:kvb
(3)
Approved: ______________________ Sent ________M Per ______________
(Special Agent in Charge)
U.S. Government Printing Office: 1972-455-574
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