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Index
Abercrombie, M., 16
acid rain, 137, 159-63
agriculture, 179-81, 228-31
AIDS, 155
"albedo, " definition of, 36
Aldiss, Brian, 185
algae, 144-45, 146, 148, 149-50, 163,
168
Allaby, Michael, 184, 196
Alvarez family, 185
Anderson, Don, 104, 105, 111
Andreae, Meinrat, 144, 147, 162
animal and plant coexistence, 127-
28
anoxic ecosystems, 96, 100, 118
of the Archean, 76, 78-84
antioxidents, 130, 176
aperiodic crystals, 23, 75
the Archean, 13, 66-67, 98
atmosphere, 82, 83-84
carbon cycle, 79, 83, 101
climate regulation, 81-82
conventional model of, 84
Earth's appearance during, 85-86
end of, 82-83, 95-96, 99-102,
120
Gaian model of, 81-83
genetic information on, 67-68
geological information on, 68-70
impacts of planetesimals, 86
life, 65-66, 70, 75-76, 87
lifeless Earth, 66, 70-75, 81, 82
nutritious elements, 93-95
oceans preserved by life, 86-87
oxygen in the air, 80, 82, 95-96
photosynthesizers and decomposers,
ecosystem of, 76, 78-84, 120
rainfall, 90-93
salinity problem of bacteria, 108
tropopause, 79-80, 90
ultraviolet radiation, 88-90
Arrhenius, Svante, 73
atmosphere, 150-51
life's impact on, 8, 9, 28-29, 71-72,
82, 83-84
of lifeless Earth, 71-72, 73-74
see also carbon dioxide in the air; oxygen
in the air
Atmospheric Environment. xviii, 8
Attenborough, David, 210
attractors, 219
bacteria, 87, 89-92, 96, 108, 122-24
see also cyanobacteria
Balandin, R. K., 9-10, 11
Barghoorn, Elso, 87
basalt-eclogite phase transition, 105
Bateson, Gregory, 218
Berkner, L. v., 87-88, 168
Bernal, J. D., 25
Bernard, Claude, 18
betaines, 108, 144-45, 146, 148
Betjeman, John, 231-32
Big Bang theory, 66, 67, 219
biogeochemistry, 30, 34, 62
biogeophysics, 34
biological science, xviii, 12-13, 20, 30-
31
life, perspective on, 16-17
see also molecular biology
biomineralization, 105, 113
biosphere, 10, 19, 30
"biota, " definition of, 19
Blake, William, 228
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 24, 215
Bourdillon, Robert, 89
Braben, Donald, 206
Brand, Stuart, 235
Broecker, W. S., 150
Cairns-Smith, A. G., 75
calcium, 69, 99, 103
calcium carbonate precipitation, 103-5,
110-11
Calder, Nigel, 65
Cambrian period, 97-98, 126-27
cancer, 168, 177
Cannon, Walter, 18
carbon as evidence of life, 70
carbon burial, 116-18, 121, 132
carbon dioxide cycle, 121-22
carbon dioxide in the air, 63, 78
in the Archean, 73, 74, 78, 81, 82-
83, 84, 86-87
geochemical model of, 133-34, 135
increase in the 1980s, 156-59
regulation of, 134-40
Carbon Dioxide Review 1982. 156, 158
carbon monoxide, 129
Carr, Michael, 188, 190, 195-96
Carson, Rachel, 173, 211, 229, 233
catastrophic events (perturbations):
in Daisyworld, 52, 53, 54-57
evolution and, 55-56
Gaia theory and, 43--45, 54, 86
internal sources of, 44
theoretical ecology and, 53-54
see also impacts of planetesimals
cell communities, origin of, 113-16
cell membranes, 106-7
Cess, R. D., 72
CFCs, see chlorofluorocarbons
C4 plants, 135, 139--40, 157
Challenger, Frederick, 141
Chance and Necessity (Monod), 213-14
chaos, 215-16, 218, 219
Charlson, Robert, 92, 147
The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and the Oceans (Holland), 32,
73-74
Chernobyl accident, xx-xxi, 173
chloride ion, 110
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 142--43
greenhouse effect of, 170
Martian atmosphere, used to warm,
187-88, 196-98
ozone layer threatened by, 164-70
Cicerone, Ralph, 165, 166, 170
Clark, William, 156, 158
climate, evolution of, 150-51
climate regulation, 13, 39, 57, 63, 81-
82, 90-93, 134-40, 146-50
cloud formation, 92-93, 147-50
The Coevolution of Climate and Life
(Schneider and Londer), 32
CoEvolution Quarterly, 31
continuous creation theory, 42, 219
countryside, destruction of, 228-34
Coyne, Leila, 75
Crutzen, Paul, 176-77
C3 plants, 135, 139
cyanobacteria, 76, 77, 78, 102-3, 114,
121
cybernetics, 60-61
Daisyworld (Gaian model), 34-35, 45
catastrophic event (perturbation) experiment,
52, 53, 54-57
criticism of, 46
as cybernetic model, 60--61
daisy-environment relationship, 52,
59-60
mathematical expression of, 57-{j()
numerical model of, 38-39
one-species model, 57-59
rabbits and foxes model, 52, 53
reductionist-holist nature of, 216
stability of, 45-46, 52, 57
steady state of the system, 58-59
technical paper on, 35, 46
temperature regulation, 39
theoretical ecology and, 48, 63
three-species model, 46-47
twenty-species model, 48, 49
two-species model, 35-38
Darwin, Charles, 184, 215, 222, 228-
29
dating of rocks, 98
Dawkins, Richard, 32
Delmas, Robert, 150
Denbigh, K. G., 25, 215
Dickinson, R.]., 73
dimethyl sulfide, 141-42, 143, 144, 145,
147, 148-49, 150, 162...(;3
dimethylsulfonio propionate, 144-45
dinosaurs, 128
dissipative structures, 26-27, 75
Doolittle, W. Ford, 31-32
Early Life (Margulis), 114
Earth:
in the Archean, 85-86
origin in supernova, 68-70
in Protero~oic period, 124
Earth as living organism, see Gaia
Earth Mother myths, 208
Earth's Earliest Biosphere, 10-11
"Earth's fragile shield" myth, 87-90, 168
"ecopoiesis, " definition of, 186
ecopoiesis of Mars, see under Mars
Eigen, Max, 75, 217
Eldredge, Niles, 13, 55-56
The Elements of Physical Biology (Lotka),
61-62
Emiliana huxley ii, iv
endogenic cycle, 104-5
endosymbiosis, 114
entropy, 21-26, 67, 237
environmental evolution, 153-54
life and, 11-12, 19, 30-31, 33-34
environmentalists, xix, 173, 229-30
eukaryotes, 98, 105, 113-16, 128
evolution, xviii, 55-56, 153-54
environmental and species, relationship
between, 11-12, 19, 30-31,
33-34
evolutionary biology, 12-13, 30-31
Evolution Now (essays), 30
The Extended Phenotype (Dawkins), 32
Fanale, Frazer, 190
Farman, J. C., 169
field ecology, 50
fire as oxygen regulator, 132-33
forests, 132-33, 178, 180-81
fractional dimensions, 220
free radicals, 175
Gaia:
atmosphere's composition and, 8, 9,
28-29, 34, 71-72
calcium carbonate precipitation, 103-
5, 110-11
carbon dioxide problem, 156-59
carbon dioxide regulation, 134-40
cell communities, 113-16
chaos as element of, 215-16
components of, 39-40
critical ecosystems, 178, 180-81
glaciations, use of 136-37, 138, 139,
140
homeostasis of Earth maintained by,
13, 19, 31, 45, 124
iodine's role in, 145-46, 147
life as central to, 15-19, 41
living in harmony with, 225-26, 231-
32, 234-37
Lovelock's vision of, 212
as manageable concept, 206, 222
mankind as threat to, 177-81
origin of, 41, 66, 76, 78-84
oxygen regulation, 118-19, 120, 121-
22, 131-33
as planetary being, 19, 39-40
redwood analogy, 27-28
salt regulation, 105-13
strength of, 86, 125, 177
sulfur's role in, 141-45, 146--50
water preserved by, 86-87, 192
see also climate regulation; religious
aspects of Gaia
Gaia (Lovelock), 8
"Gaia, " meaning of, 3
Gaian model, see Daisyworld
Gaian Universe, 206
Gaia science, see geophysiology
Gaia theory, xix, 14, 25, 63-64
atmospheric evidence, 8, 9
catastrophic events as evidence for,
43-45, 54, 86
criticisms of, 31-33, 34, 45
evolution, perspective on, 11-12, 19,
30-31, 33-34
experimental investigation of, 43-45;
see also Daisyworld
historical antecedents, 9-11
origin of, xviii, 4-8
sciences, appeal for, 12-13
teleological concept, 33, 34, 39
top-down view of life, 29-30
Gardiner, B. G., 169
Garrels, Robert, 78, 84, 86, 130
gas chromatograph, 142, 143
genetic material as information about the
past, 67-68
geophysiology (Gaia science), 11, 14
acid rain, perspective on, 162-63
planetary medicine, xix-xxi, 155
"regulation" as defined in, 102
Gibbs, J. W., 215
glaciations, 57, 101, 136--37, 138, 139,
140, 150, 232
glycolysis, 129
God, 205, 208-10, 217
Golding, William, 3
Gould, Stephen Jay, 13, 30-31, 55
greenhouse effect, 73, 156--59
The Greening of Mars (Lovelock and
Allaby), 184-88
Green Movement, 173, 231-32
the Hadean, see lifeless Earth
halocarbon gases, 141, 142-43
halophiles, 108
Hardy, Thomas, 233
Harvey, William, 155
Haynes, Robert, 186
Heisenberg, Werner, 218
Henderson-Sellers, Ann, 73
Hickman, C. J., 16
Hitchcock, Dian, 5, 6, 71
Hochachka, Peter, 129
holist science, 213-17
Holland, H. D., 32, 73-74, 81
Holligan, Patrick, 163
Holling, C. S., 216
"homeostasis, " definition of, 18
homeostasis of Earth maintained by
Gaia, 13, 19, 31, 45, 124
Horowitz, Norman, xviii, 7
'The Human Experience (Huxley), 208
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 10, 30
Hutton, James, xix, 10, 11, 30
Huxley, Aldous, 208
hydrogen production by lifeless Earth,
74-75
hydroxyl radicals, 80, 101-2, 129-30,
131, 149, 163
Icarus. xviii, 8
impacts of planetesimals, 43-44, 70-71,
86, 125
information theory, 24-25, 67
An Introduction to Physical Geography
(Yermolaev), 30
An Introduction to the Study of Man
(Young), 31
iodine cycle, 145-46, 147
James, William, 207
Jantsch, Erich, 213, 217
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, xviii, 4, 5,
7, 190
Jickells, Timothy, 149
John Paul II, Pope, 223
Johnson, Harold, 165
Johnson, M. L., 16
Johnson, Samuel, 210
Kahn, Herman, 158
Kaufman, Fred, 166
Korolenko, Yevgraf Maksimovich, 9-10
Krumbein, Wolfgang, 93
lagoons, evaporite, 109, 110-13
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 218
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 160
Legrand, M., 150
Lewis, G. N., 160
Lidwell, Owen, 89
life, 15-19, 41
atmosphere, impact on, 28-29, 34, 71-
72, 82, 83-84
beginnings of, 65-66, 70, 75-76, 205-
6, 222
boundaries of living systems, 27, 40,
52
cell communities, 113-16
colligative nature of, 18
definitions of, 17-18
entropy and, 23-24, 25-26
environmental evolution, role in, 11-
12, 19, 3(}-31, 33-34
genetic information about, 67-68
nutritious elements, transfer from
ocean to land, 93-95
oceans preserved by, 86-87, 192
oxygen toxicity and, 129-30
photosynthesizers and decomposers,
ecosystem of, 76, 78-84, 120
rainfall problem, 90-93
salt regulation mechanism, 105-13
scientific understanding of, 16-17,
20-24, 25-28
sparse life, 6, 76
top-down view of, 29-30
ultraviolet radiation and, 88-90
unconscious understanding of, 16
lifeless Earth, 66, 70-75, 81, 82
life on planets:
NASA project regarding, 4-7
signs of, 5-6, 8
lignin, 131, 133
limestone, 104-5, 11(}-11
Liss, Peter, 143, 162, 163
Living Without Oxygen (Hochachka),
129
Lodge, James, 141
Londer, Randi, 32
Lotka, Alfred, 10, 12, 30, 48, 61-62
Lovins, Amory and Hunter, 158
Lowenstam, Heinz A., 30
McDonagh, Sean, 210
McElroy, Michael, 190
Mclntyre, Donald, xix
McLuhan, Marshall, 96
Maggs, Robert, 142
Mandelbrot, Benoit, 220
Margulis, Lynn, xviii, 8, 18, 31, 111,
113-14, 116, 168
Mariner spacecraft, 6
Mars:
atmosphere, 8, 9, 28, 29, 133, 193
ecopoieses of (making the planet suitable
for life), xxi, 184, 193-96,
201-2
bacterial ecosystem, 199-201
fictional account of, 184-88
Gaian system, 200-201
warming the atmosphere, 187-88,
196-98
life-detection experiments by NASA,
4-7, 63
physical conditions, 188-93
water present within, possible, 189-
90, 191, 192, 195-96
Marshall, L. C., 87-88, 168
Mary, Virgin, 206, 222-23
Maturana, Humberto, 217
May, Robert, 51
medical profession, xix-xx, 154-55
meteorites, 70
methane, 76, 79-80, 81, 82, 83-84, 87
methyl iodide, 145-46
microbial mat communities, 111-13
Milankovich, Milutin, 136
Milankovich effect, 136, 137
Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 237
molecular biology, 20, 29, 213-17
Molina, Mario, 165, 166
Monod, Jacques, 213-14
Montefiore, Hugh, 203-4
Moon, 70, 183-84
Moriyama, Shigeru, 136
Morton, Jim, 204
NASA, 4-7, 28, 63, 188
natural phenomena, math of, 61-62
Nature, 12, 142, 150, 155, 164, 165
negentropy, 24, 25, 29, 124
Nisbet, Euan, 94, 99
nitrogen, 83-84
nitrous oxide, 95-96
nuclear energy controversy, xx-xxi,
171-77
nuclear reactors, natural, 122-24
nuclear winter, 177, 232
oceans, 74, 86-87, 93-95, 192
cloud formation over, 147-50
salt regulation, 105, 107-13
Odum, Eugene, xxi, 30
Onsager, Lars, 26, 215
Orchard, Ernie and Bill, 235
The Origin of Sex (Margulis and Sagan),
116
O'Sullivan, Michael and Theresa, 184
Owen, T., 72
oxic ecosystem, origin of, 95
oxygen, 129
toxic properties, 129-30, 175-76
oxygen cycle, 121, 127-28
oxygen in the air, 60, 85
acid rain and, 160-61
Berkner-Marshall theory on, 87-88
carbon burial and, 116-18, 121
dominant atmospheric gas, 99-102
Gaian regulation of, 11&--19, 120,
121-22, 131-33
initial appearance, 80, 82, 95-96
lifeless Earth, absent from, 74
in Phanerozoic period, 127-32
in Proterozoic period, 99-102, 116-
19, 121-22, 130
ozone layer, 8&--90, 143
depletion due to CFCs, 164-70
ozone on Mars, 193
"The Parable of Daisyworld" (Lovelock
and Watson), 35, 46
pathologies of science, 21&--20
peer review system, xvi
periodic crystals, 23
perturbations, see catastrophic events
Perutz, Max, 23-24
pesticides, 173
phagocytosis, 114
Phanerozoic period, 13, 126-32
phenols, 131
photosynthesizers and decomposers, ecosystem
of, 76, 7&--84, 120
phytoplankton, iv, 162
Pirie, N. W., 16-17
Pittle, R. D., 166
plant and animal coexistence, 128
plate tectonics, 104-5, Ill, 113
potassium, 69
Precambrian period, 98
Prigogine, Ilya, 26, 75, 213, 214, 217
The Probability of God (Montefiore), 204
prokaryotes, 115-16
Prospero, J. M., 149
Proterozoic period, 13, 9&--99, 127
beginning of, 99-102, 120
calcium carbonate precipitation, 103-
5, 110-11
Earth's appearance during, 124
eukaryotes, 98, 105, 113-16
impacts of planetesimals, 125
oxygen concentration in the air, 99-
102, 116-19, 121-22, 130
protolife, 75
Proxmire, William, 6
pseudomonads, 91
radioactivity of Earth, 68, 69-70
rainfall, 9D-93
see also acid rain
Ramanathan, v., 72
Redfield, Arthur, 10, 30
reductionist science, 213-17
reefs, 111, 12+-25
religion, 20+-8, 217
see also God
religious aspects of Gaia, xxi, 203-4,
205, 207
agnostic perspective, 217-18
Earth Mother myths and, 208
God concept and, 208-9
secular humanism and, 208-11
Virgin Mary analogy, 206, 222-23
Randall, Gilbert, 235
Reynolds, Osborne, 26
Rothstein, Jerome, 27, 215
Rowland, F. S., 94, 165, 166
Sagan, Carl, 6, 171
Sagan, Dorion, 116
Saigne, C., 150
salt regulation, 105-13
Sargasso Sea, 148
Sargent, Keith and Margaret, 235
Schidlowski, Manfred, 70
Schneider, Stephen, 32-33, 34
Schopf, J. W., 10
Schrooinger, Erwin, 22-24, 27, 215
Schweickart, Rusty, 201
Science, 12, 105
science, apartheid of, 11, 61, 168
scientists, independent, xvi-xvii
secular humanism, 208-11
'The Self-Organizing Universe Gantsch),
217
sex, invention of, 116
Shannon, Claude, 2+-25
Shaw, Glen, 146
Shoard, Marion, 230
Silent Spring (Carson), 173
Sillen, Lars, 10, 30
Silverstein, Abe, 4
Smith, John Maynard, 30
smog, 152-53, 161
Snyder, Gary, 235
The Spiritual Dimensions of Green Politics
(Spretnak), 208-9
Spretnak, Charlene, 208-9
Sputnik satellite, 4
Stolarski, Richard, 165
strange attractors, 219
structured hierarchy of species, 50
Suess, Eduard, 10, 11, 30
sulfur in acid rain, 161-63
sulfur's role in Gaia, 141-45, 14~
50
supernova, Earth's origin in, 68-70
The Surface of Mars (Carr), 188, 190,
195-96
Tellus, xviii, 8, 35, 46
terraforming, 186
The Theft of the Countryside (Shoard),
230
theoretical ecology, 12, 48, 50-54, 61-
62, 63
Theoretical Ecology (May), 51
theories in science, 42-43
thermodynamics, 20-24, 25-27, 67,
213-17, 237
The Thermodynamics of the Steady State
(Denbigh), 25
Thomas, Dr., 175, 176
Thomas, Lewis, 154
thorium, 6~70
Timescale (Calder), 65
To Care for the Earth (McDonagh),
210
tropopause, 79-80, 90
Tyler, Stanley, 87
ultraviolet radiation, 88-90, 167-69
uncertainty principle, 218
Universe as Gaian body, 206
unsteady state, 2~27
uranium, 6~70, 122-24
Vairavamurthy, A., 144
Varela, Francisco, 217
The Varieties of Religious Experience
(James), 207
Venus, 7, 8, 9, 28, 29, 86, 133
Vernadsky, Vladimir, 9-10, 11, 30
Viking spacecraft, 5-6, 7, 63, 188
volcanic eruptions, 74, 146
Redfield, Arthur, 10, 30
reductionist science, 213-17
reefs, 111, 124-25
religion, 204-8, 217
see also God
religious aspects of Gaia, xxi, 203-4,
205, 207
agnostic perspective, 217-18
Earth Mother myths and, 208
God concept and, 208-9
secular humanism and, 208-11
Virgin Mary analogy, 206, 222-23
Randall, Gilbert, 235
Reynolds, Osborne, 26
Rothstein, Jerome, 27, 215
Rowland, F. S., 94, 165, 166
Sagan, Carl, 6, 171
Sagan, Dorion, 116
Saigne, C., 150
salt regulation, 105-13
Sargasso Sea, 148
Sargent, Keith and Margaret, 235
Schidlowski, Manfred, 70
Schneider, Stephen, 32-33, 34
Schopf, J. W., 10
SchrOdinger, Erwin, 22-24, 27, 215
Schweickart, Rusty, 201
Science, 12, 105
science, apartheid of, 11, 61, 168
scientists, independent, xvi-xvii
secular humanism, 208-11
'The Self-Organizing Universe Gantsch),
217
sex, invention of, 116
Shannon, Claude, 24-25
Shaw, Glen, 146
Shoard, Marion, 230
Silent Spring (Carson), 173
Sillen, Lars, 10, 30
Silverstein, Abe, 4
Smith, John Maynard, 30
smog, 152-53, 161
Snyder, Gary, 235
The Spiritual Dimensions of Green Politics
(Spretnak), 208-9
Spretnak, Charlene, 208-9
251
Sputni~ satellite, 4
Stolarski, Richard, 165
strange attractors, 219
structured hierarchy of species, 50
Suess, Eduard, 10, 11, 30
sulfur in acid rain, 161-63
sulfur's role in Gaia, 141-45, 146-
50
supernova, Earth's origin in, 68-70
'The Surface of Mars (Carr), 188, 190,
195-96
'Tellus, xviii, 8, 35, 46
terraforming, 186
'The 'Theft of the Countryside (Shoard),
230
theoretical ecology, 12, 48, 50-54, 61-
62, 63
Theoretical Ecology (May), 51
theories in science, 42-43
thermodynamics, 20-24, 25-27, 67,
213-17, 237
The Thermodynamics of the Steady State
(Denbigh), 25
Thomas, Dr., 175, 176
Thomas, Lewis, 154
thorium, 69-70
Timescale (Calder), 65
To Care for the Earth (McDonagh),
210
tropopause, 79-80, 90
Tyler, Stanley, 87
ultraviolet radiation, 88-90, 167-69
uncertainty principle, 218
Universe as Gaian body, 206
unsteady state, 26-27
uranium, 69-70, 122-24
Vairavamurthy, A., 144
Varela, Francisco, 217
'The Varieties of Religious Experience
Games), 207
Venus, 7, 8, 9, 28, 29, 86, 133
Vernadsky, Vladimir, 9-10, 11, 30
Viking spacecraft, 5-6, 7, 63, 188
volcanic eruptions, 74, 146
Volterra, Vito, 12, 48
Von Neumann, John, 25
Wade, Roger, 142
Walker, James, 133, 134
Ward, Keith, 209-10
Warren, Stephen, 147
water's presence on Earth, reasons for,
74-75, 86-87, 192
Watson, Andrew, 35, 46, 57, 63, 132
What Is Life? (Schrodinger), 22, 215
Whitfield, Michael, 63
Woods, John, 149
X-ray photons, 175, 176
Yermolaev, M. M., 30
Young, J. Z., 10, 31
Young, Lord, 202
The Youngest Science (Thomas), 154
Zivadin, Stephen, xxi
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